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Karteikarten

VMD Antimicrobial Resistance Policy

Florence Edwards Animal Disease 1 Englisch 100 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (100)

  1. 1What is the most important type of antimicrobial to which resistance is developing?Antibiotics
  2. 2What is antimicrobial resistance?When organisms survive exposure to an antimicrobial product expected to kill them or inhibit their growth
  3. 3What is the position of antimicrobial resistance in the Global Risk Landscape?Classified as a Tier 1 risk
  4. 4What did the O'Neill report investigate?Financial and human consequences of antimicrobial resistance
  5. 5Why may routine surgery become more dangerous with antimicrobial resistance?Increased risk of infection
  6. 6In which patients may antimibiotics become less effective with antimicrobial resistance?Frequently used in immunosuppressed patients e.g. those receiving chemotherapy
  7. 7Why is the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in food animals a concern?Spread of resistant bacteria to humans
  8. 8Which responsibility of a veterinary surgeon is fulfilled by ensuring appropriate antibiotic use?Public health
  9. 9What does the RCVS code of professional conduct state about antimicrobial resistance?When veterinarians are using antimicrobials they should do so responsibly and be accountable for the choices made
  10. 10What is the national strategy for dealing with antimicrobial resistance?UK 5 year strategy
  11. 11What is the European strategy for dealing with antimicrobial resistance?Policy of European Medicines Agency
  12. 12What is the global strategy for dealing with antimicrobial resistance?Policy of World Health Organisation
  13. 13Give an example of a new treatment that can replace antimicrobial useTeat sealant in cattle
  14. 14Give the 7 principles of the UK Five Year Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy1) Improving infection prevention/control
    2) Optimising prescribing practice
    3) Improving professional education and public awareness
    4) Developing new drugs, treatments and diagnostics
    5) Increased surveillance data
    6) Identification of AMR research needs
    7) Strengthened international collaboration
  15. 15Why is it unlikely that new antibiotic classes emerge for use in animals?New classes are likely to be reserved for human use
  16. 16Why is there low incentive for antibiotic development in pharmaceutical companies?Resistance will develop before sales are sufficient to cover development costs
  17. 17How can improved diagnostics help reduce antimicrobial resistance?Improved culture and sensitivity testing
  18. 18How many countries have signed the United Nations global action plan on antimicrobial resistance?193
  19. 19What is the target for antimicrobial use in the veterinary sector by 2018?50 mg/kg
  20. 20What targets within the veterinary sector will be agreed in 2017?Evidence-based targets for each individual livestock species sector
  21. 21What is meant by critically important antibiotics?Used as a last resort for humans or to treat serious human diseases
  22. 22What type of antibiotic use is being reduced?Prophylactic use
  23. 23Can antibiotics be used for growth promotion in the EU?No - illegal
  24. 24What is meant by therapeutic use of antibiotics?Use in individual animals
  25. 25What is metaphylactic use of antibiotics?Treatment of all animals in a group (e.g. group of calves) when some become ill
  26. 26Which animals are often treated metaphylactically and why?Pigs
    Treated in groups because medicines are administered in food
  27. 27What are the 3 high priority critically important antibiotics?Fluoroquinolones
    3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins
    Colistin
  28. 28What is colistin used to treat in animals?E.Coli and diarrhoea
  29. 29Why is colistin important in humans?Used to treat E.Coli sepsis
  30. 30Why is colistin now rarely used in animals?Resistance gene was found in bacterial plasmid (not just chromosome) which increases risk of spread
  31. 31What is the colistin resistance gene?MCR-1
  32. 32What is meant by primary reduction in antibiotic use?Reduce introduction and spread of disease between farms
  33. 33Give 3 examples of primary reductionsExternal biosecurity
    Compartmentalisation
    Eradication
  34. 34Give an example of a current eradication programmeBVD in cattle
  35. 35What is meant by secondary reductions in antibiotic use?Reducing transmission or spread within a farm
  36. 36Give 3 examples of secondary reductionsInternal biosecurity
    Production groupings
    Housing design
  37. 37What is meant by tertiary reductions in antibiotic use?Increasing animal's ability to deal with pathogens
  38. 38In which sector is there a low availability of antibiotics?Turkey
  39. 39How does perceived efficacy affect use of antibiotics?Critically important antibiotics often perceived to be more effective
    Less motivation to reduce their use
  40. 40When should culture and sensitivity testing be carried out?When using critically important antibiotics
  41. 41Give 4 examples of vaccines available in cattleBVD
    IBR
    Leptospirosis
    Vaccines for respiratory disease
  42. 42What is a specific way in which antibiotic use can be decreased within the cattle sector?Selective dry cow therapy
  43. 43Why are lambs often given prophylactic antibiotic?Prevention of E.Coli
  44. 44How can antibiotic use in lambs be reduced?Increase colostrum intake
  45. 45What is the main method of antibiotic administration in pigs?Metaphylactic administration in groups
  46. 46What is the major disease for which antibiotics are given in pigs?Post-weaning diarrhoea
  47. 47Which animals in the poultry industry are no longer given antibiotics?Day old chicks
  48. 48Why is Cefovecin often given to cats even though it is a critically important antibiotic?1 injection only so no need to give tablets
  49. 49Why is use of critically important antibiotics in companion animals a concern?E.Coli is known to pass between animals and people in a household
  50. 50Why do some countries have compulsory antibiotic recording by vets and farmers?Benchmarking
    Action taken for high users
  51. 51What is meant by decoupling?Vets not allowed to make money from selling antibiotics
  52. 52How can differentiated taxes affect antibiotic use?Make Highest Priority Critically Important Antibiotics more expensive
  53. 53What is meant by 3rd line antibiotics?Highest Priority Critically Important Antibiotics
  54. 54What are the 2 main types of antibiotic surveillance carried out by the VMD?Antibiotic consumption
    Resistance
  55. 55How is resistance surveillance carried out by the VMD?Clinical surveillance
    EU monitoring
  56. 56What is the disadvantage of recording antibiotic consumption data in terms of sales?Many antibiotics are licensed for use in multiple species
  57. 57What percentage of antibiotics used in the veterinary sector are critical?1%
  58. 58What is the mg/PCU system of measuring antibiotic use?mg = amount of active ingredient of antibiotic sold
    PCU = weight of animals in kg at time of treatment
  59. 59How is PCU calculated?Animal numbers multiplied by average weight at time of treatment
  60. 60What is the average weight of slaughter pigs?65 kg
  61. 61What is the average weight of livestock sows?240 kg
  62. 62What is an advantage of setting antibiotic targets using the mg/PCU calculation?Provides a target for vets or farmers to work towards
  63. 63Why can it be difficult to measure antibiotic use with the mg/PCU system?Variation in dose given
  64. 64Give 2 disadvantages of setting antibiotic targets using the mg/PCU systemMay use lower doses which can encourage resistance
    May not treat animals which could be a welfare issue
  65. 65How does antibiotic use in the UK compare with the rest of Europe?Neither a high use or low use country
  66. 66Why can it be difficult to compare antibiotic use across different countries?Different livestock sectors predominate and these have different antibiotic requirements
  67. 67What is the proposal made by ESVAC regarding antibiotic regarding?Legal requirement to record sales and usage by sector
  68. 68What is defined daily dose?Average number of doses given to each animal over the year
  69. 69What is defined course dose?Average number of courses given to each animal over the year
  70. 70Why is measuring farm level usage of antibiotics important to measure progress?Provide a baseline
  71. 71Why is measuring farm level usage of antibiotics important to prioritise reseach and resources?Identify risk factors for higher resistance
  72. 72By how much has antibiotic use decreased in the poultry industry between 2012 and 2015?43%
  73. 73By how much has use of fluoroquinolones decreased in the poultry industry between 2014 and 2015?50%
  74. 74Which Farm Assurance scheme requires data on antimicrobial use?Red Tractor
  75. 75How are online dashboards used to monitor antibiotic use in the pig industry?Benchmarking allows farmers to compare their use with similar farm types in their region and nationally
  76. 76How are Cattle Health and Welfare groups collecting data on antimicrobial use?Looking into systems for collecting antibiotic usage data in cattle and sheep industries
    Initial focus is on collection of vet prescription data
  77. 77Which group is collecting data on antibiotic use in the egg industry?British Egg Industry Council
  78. 78Which group is collecting data on antibiotic use in game animals?Game Farmers Association
  79. 79What does EU harmonised monitoring of antibiotic resistance focus on?Zoonotic diseases
  80. 80What is the level of resistance in Salmonella?Varies between Salmonella serovariant and species of animal
  81. 81Does transmission of veterinary strains of Salmonella through the food chain occur?Low level if food is cooked and handled correctly
    Impact to consumers is high if it does occur
  82. 82Which antibiotics are first line treatment for invasive Salmonella infections?Fluoroquinolones
    3rd generation cephalosporins
  83. 83In which 2 industries is Salmonella resistance highest?Pig
    Turkey
  84. 84Why is Campylobacter a food safety concern?Major cause of food poisoning in people
  85. 85When are antibiotics used to treat Campylobacter in people?Not always indicates but may be used in severe cases to speed up recovery
  86. 86Which 2 antibiotics are used to treat Campylobacter in people?Ciprofloxacin
    Erythromycin
  87. 87Why is use of 3rd of 4th generation cephalosporins problematic in E.Coli?Associated with appearance of extended spectrum beta lactamases
  88. 88Why can resistance in E.Coli be easily spread?Resistance carried on mobile genetic elements
  89. 89How can food act as a transmitter of E.Coli resistance?Ingestion of food contaminated with commensal E.Coli
  90. 90Why is resistance a problem even in commensal E.Coli?Act as a reservoir of resistance
  91. 91To which 2 antibiotics is E.Coli resistance prevalent?ESBL
    Carbapenem
  92. 92What do resistance E.Coli bacteria cause in humans?Resistant urinary tract infections
    Bacteraemia
  93. 93Is staphylococcus aureus considered to be zoonotic?No
  94. 94In which species is LA-MRSA common?Pigs
    Poultry
    Cattle
  95. 95How does LA-MRSA usually infect people?Usually colonised without disease then develop opportunistic infection
  96. 96Which people are more likely to be colonised with LA-MRSA?Those that work with livestock
  97. 97In which patients is LA-MRSA more of a concern?Immunosuppressed
    Undergoing elective surgery
  98. 98Which 5 organisations are informed by the VMD ResAlert system?Public Health England
    Department of Health
    Food Standards Agency
    Animal and Plant Health Agency
    Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish governments
  99. 99Who should vets report failed antimicrobial treatment to?Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD)
  100. 100What does RUMA stand for?Responsible Use of Medicines Alliance

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Beschreibung
Animal Disease 1 (Control of Disease) Karteikarten am VMD Antimicrobial Resistance Policy, erstellt von Florence Edwards am 11/03/2017.
Erstellt von
Florence Edwards
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