Karteikarten
PSYC 1200
Karten in diesem Stapel (131)
- 1Health Psychologythe study of how behaviours, thought and emotions influence physical health and how health can influence those factors as well
- 2I. Body Mass Index II. Set pointI. statistic commonly used for estimating a healthy body weight given an individual's height
II. a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level; 10-20% of one's weight - 3social contagionoften subtle, unintentional spreading of behaviour as a result of social interactions; friend groups can become more similar over time in terms of body weight, smoking etc
- 4Appraisal: I. primary appraisal II. secondary appraisalcognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event
I. individual perceives potential threat
II. determine how to cope with the threat - 5General adaptation syndromea theory of stress responses involving stages of alarm (recognition of threat with physiological response), resistance (responding to the stressor), and exhaustion (stressful events depletes physical resources and response declines)
- 6Holmes and Rahe's social readjustment scaleprovides a numerical stress value to each type of common stressful event that a person might experience
- 7Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axisneural and endocrine circuit that provides communication between the nervous system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands)
- 8CortisolI. hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that prepares the body to respond to a stressful event
- 9Oxytocinimportant for generating feelings of trust, closeness and attachment toward others; women more likely than men to secrete it during a stressful event
- 10Vasopressinhormone that suppresses the release of arousal related hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
- 11Psychoneuroimmunologythe study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning
- 12Coronary heart diseasecondition in which plaques form in the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood and oxygen; can increase in men by 30% with stress
- 13Type A personalitydescribes people who tend to be impatient and worry about time, and are easily angered, competitive, and highly motivated
- 14Type B personalitydescribed people who are more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing and relaxed disposition
- 15Copingrefers to the processes used to manage demands, stress, and conflict; both problem focused and emotion focused
- 16Positive Psychologyuses scientific methods to study human strength and potential; has identified numerous adaptive and constructive ways in which people cope with problems; focus on positive emotions
- 17Explain how the following types of personality cope:Next
- 18Neuroticismtendency to respond to problems with patterns of anxiety, hostility, anger, guilt, and nervousness; linked to physical complaints such as headaches, chronic pain, stomach aches, and coronary heart disease
- 19Extraversionextraverts are more likely to seek out help rather than trying to solve a problem on their own and are more likely to listen to the advice of others
- 20Agreeablenesswilling to seek help, may help avoid additional interpersonal stress
- 21Conscientiousnessless likely to show their emotions, referred to as distancing; distancing from one's own emotions
- 22Opennesstend to respond with empathy when stressful situations involve others, less likely to use emotional distancing
- 23Resiliencethe ability to effectively recover from illness or adversity
- 24Post-traumatic growththe capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative effects
- 25Biofeedbackis a therapeutic technique involving the use of physiological recording instruments to provide feedback that increases awareness of bodily responses
- 26What are the two types of meditation?Concentrative or focused-attention meditation
Mindfulness or open monitoring (OA) - 27Mindfulness-based stress reduction: sstructured relaxation program based on elements of mindfulness meditation; helps people to cope and relax by increasing the link between body and mind
- 28Brain-derived neurotrophic factora protein in the nervous system that promotes survival, growth, and the formation of new synapses
- 29Learned helplessnessan acquired suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances
- 30Asylumresidential facilities for the mentally ill
- 31Moral treatment movementPinel and Dix; shamed society into ensuring that residents in mental institutions were treated humanely and compassionately
- 32Medical modelsees psychological conditions as a set of symptoms, causes and outcomes, with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes in order to alleviate symptoms
- 33Biophysical modelprovides a more holistic view of a person, as a set of multiple interacting systems
- 34Deinstitutionalizationover 30 years, the population of population of mental institutions dropped by 80% contributing to a dramatic increase in urban homelessness
- 35Maladaptivea person's behaviours, feelings, and thoughts causing those around them significant distress or impair daily functioning or increase the likelihood that the person or those around them will experience harm or injury
- 36DSM-5describes number and type of symptoms for each mental disorder as well as the typical ethology (cause) of each disorder and provides prognoses
- 37Mental disorder defenceclaims that the defendant was in such an extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that he or she should not discern that the actions were legally or morally wrong
- 38Personality disordersparticularly unusual patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change
- 39Cluster A personality typescharacterized by odd or eccentric behaviours, including Paranoid and Schizoid Personality Disorders
- 40Cluster B personality typecharacterized by dramatic, emotional and erratic behaviour, including Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders
- 41Cluster C personality typeAvoidant, Dependent and Obsessive Compulsive personality disorders
- 42Borderline Personality Disordercharacterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, and unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships; emotionally manipulative and controlling
-rooted in traumatic or emotionally difficult experiences such as inconsistent, abusive or neglectful parenting - 43Narcissistic Personalitycharacterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self-doubt and fear of abandonment; little empathy for others, tend to be manipulative, strong sense of entitlement
- 44Histrionic Personalitycharacterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour; typically high-functioning because their dramatic nature makes them seem vibrant and attractive in social situations; self-indulgent and risky behaviours; highly sensitive to criticism and manipulative; flamboyant and exhibitionist tendencies
- 45Psychological factors in personality disorderspersistent beliefs about the self are a major part of the human personality and attempt to cope with and compensate for negative beliefs; NPD and HPD tend to have deeply rooted negative beliefs about the self, how they are regarded, and whether they are loved by others
- 46Sociological factors to personality disordersoften involve extensive emotional damage from childhood experiences, ranging from physical and sexual abuse, to the profound invalidation and security of being abandoned or neglected as a child
- 47Biological factorsnot everyone exposed to extreme stress develops a personality disorder; how stress interacts with biological predispositions for disorders, some genes can contribute to emotional instability
- 48Comorbiditythe presence of two disorders simultaneously
- 49Dissociative disordersa category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity
- 50Dissociative fuguea period of profound autobiographical memory loss; people in fugue states may go so far as to develop a new identity in a new location with no recollection of their past
- 51Depersonalization disordera strong sense of the surreal, the feeling that one is not connected to one's body, the feeling of disconnection from one's regular identity and awareness
- 52Dissociative amnesiaa severe loss of memory, usually for a specific stressful event, when no biological cause for amnesia is present
- 53Dissociative Identity Disorder / Multiple Personality Disorderin which a person experiences a split in identity such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other; can construct completely separate personalities
- 54Anxiety disordersa category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive; fear response out of proportion to the true threat posed by the source of the fear
- 55Generalized Anxiety Disorderreact with intense fear to normal daily stressors or life challenges; often have unstable, irritable moods, have difficulty concentrating and have sleep problems
- 56Panic Disorderstate of anxiety that is not constant that occurs in extreme, unpredictable bursts of fear and dread called panic attacks; short segments but can be much more severe
- 57Agoraphobiafear of panic attacks in public, avoid public spaces
- 58Social phobiaschronic concerns over being judged negatively by others and a constant fear of being publicly humiliated; extreme discomfort in crowds and when individual feels it will be difficult to escape social situations
- 59Exposurea person is repeatedly and in stages exposed to the object of his fear so that he can work past his emotional reactions
- 60Obsessive Compulsive Disordercombination of irrational persistent thoughts or obsessions; fear responses that are out of proportion to the true threat; irresistible urge to engage in repetitive behaviours or compulsions
- 61Autism Spectrum Disorderrange of disorders consisting of autism, Asperger's and other pervasive neurodevelopment disorders
- 62Mood disordersrelate to severe disruptions in a person's emotional state, typically resulting in maladaptive behaviours thought patterns
- 63Major depressionlengthy chronic period of deep sadness, perception that they are incompetent and worthless, and the belief that nothing will ever improve, feelings of cognitive and physical sluggishness; physical systems include fatigue, digestive problems, sleeping troubles, headaches and joint pain, confusion, memory problems, irritability
- 64Pessimistic explanatory stylea set of habitual ways of explaining events to oneself which tend to be dysfunctional; personal attributions, internal, stable attribution, belief that the situation is going to persist, and global attribution, expanding event into other domains of life
- 65Bipolar disordercharacterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation and energy; involves depression at one end and mania on the other; mania can take several forms, including talking excessively fast, racing thoughts, impulsive, and spontaneous decisions or high risk behaviours
- 66Schizophrenia Spectrum Disordersevere psychological disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, abnormalities in mood and behaviour; disruption in the association between a person's thoughts and perceptions of reality
- 67What are the three phases of schizophrenia?Prodromal phase: cognitive deficits, more socially isolated, more occupied with their disturbing thoughts
Active phase: develop strange delusion that are not consistent with reality, delusional thoughts, hallucinations
Residual phase: most prominent symptoms decline, very suppressed willingness to engage in activities or social contact - 68Hallucinationsalterations of perception, such that a person hears, sees, smells, feels, or tastes something that does not actually exist except for in that person's own mind
- 69Delusionsbeliefs that are not based entirely in reality, at least from the perspective for the person's general culture
- 70Disorganized behaviourdescribes the considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia may have completing the tasks of everyday life
- 71Paranoid schizophreniasymptoms include delusional beliefs that one is being followed, watched, or persecuted and may also include delusions of grandeur, or that they have secret insight or power
- 72Disorganized schizophreniasymptoms include thoughts, speech, behaviours and emotions that are poorly integrated and incoherent; may also show inappropriate, unpredictable mannerisms
- 73Catatonic schizophreniaincludes episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile, sometimes in bizarre positions for extended periods, may also exhibit repetitive, purposeless movements
- 74Undifferentiated schizophreniaincludes individuals who show a combination of symptoms from more than one type of schizophrenia
- 75Residual schizophreniareflects individuals who show some symptoms of schizophrenia but are either in transition to a full-blown episode or in remission
- 76Positive Symptomsresult in the individual's engaging in maladaptive behaviours, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking
- 77Negative Symptomsabsence of adaptive behaviours, flat affect (lack of facial response/expression), social isolation and lack of motivation
- 78Trepanningdrilling a hole in a person's skull to release evil spirits
- 79Exorcismthought to get rid of 'evil spirits' but amounted to ritualized torture
- 80Clinical psychologistsph.D level training; able to formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from everyday and mild to chronic and severe
- 81CounsellorsMaster's or PhD; mental health professionals who typically work with people needing help with more common problems such as stress, coping, and imld forms of anxiety and depression, rather than severe mental disorders
- 82PsychiatristsMedical degree; specialize in mental health and are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medication
- 83Therapistis a label that anyone can use, regardless of level of expertise or skills in treating psychological problems
- 84Deinstitutionalizationwhereby mental health patients were released back into their communities, generally after having their symptoms alleviated through medications
- 85Residential treatment centreshousing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training, with the explicit oil of helping residents become re-integrated intersociety as well as they can
- 86Community psychologyarea of psychology that focuses on identifying how individual's mental health is influenced by the neighbourhood, economics, and community resources, social groups and other community based variables
- 87Emotionally supported treatmentstreatments that have been tested and evaluated
- 88Insight therapygeneral term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for the purpose of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts
- 89Psychodynamic therapiesseeking unconscious causes of psychological problems with the assumption that awareness of the cause will provide the cure
- 90Defense mechanismsunconscious conflicts between the Id and the superego that can generate irrational thinking and behaviours
- 91Free associationclients talk about or write down their thoughts without any constraint or censorship
- 92Dream analysisseeking to understand the nature of unconscious conflicts based on the contents of a client's dreams
- 93Manifest content of dreamssymbolic way our conscious minds experience our dreams
- 94latent content of dreamsis the deeper meaning of those symbols or events
- 95Resistanceaggressive behaviour and strong emotional reactions that provide clues of an unconscious conflict that the client's conscious mind is reluctant to confront
- 96Transferencepsychoanalytic process whereby clients direct the emotional experiences that they are reliving toward the therapist rather than the original person involved in the experience
- 97Object-relations therapyrelying on a client's conscious self-reflection and what they remember about their past to understand the source of their mental health problems; focus on early-childhood experiences and emotional attachments influencing later psychology
- 98Interpersonal psychologyHarry Sullivan; therapist assumes the role of the participant observer, interacting and observing the client to understand any unrealistic expectations the client may have in relationships
- 99Humanistic-existential psychotherapypeople will naturally pursue self-fulfillment if they receive enough support, acceptance and encouragement; therapist plays a supportive role; focus on conscious experience
- 100Conditions of worthexpectations imposed by other people and ourselves that lead us away from reaching our fullest potential
- 101Unconditional positive regardthe therapist accepts non judgementally and supportively all the views that their clients express
- 102Existentialist psychotherapyconfront sources of sadness, discomfort or fear
- 103phenomenological approachfocus on current, ongoing conscious thoughts, perceptions, and feelings instead of unconscious conflicts and long ago experiences
- 104Client-centred therapydeveloped by Carl Rogers; focuses on individual's abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist
- 105Behavioural therapyaddress problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them, as directly as possible
- 106Systematic desensitizationeliminating phobias by combining gradual exposure of the phobia with relaxation techniques
- 107Floodingeliminating phobias through extreme exposure
- 108Virtual Reality Exposurereducing fear through safe exposure VR technology
- 109Aversive conditioninga behavioural technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative one, typically by using punishment
- 110Cognitive behavioural therapyform of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive structuring, stress inoculation training, and exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid; avoidance tends to reinforce negative feelings that could arise
- 111Mindfulness-based cognitive therapyinvolves combining mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive behavioural therapy tools; goal to develop greater self awareness through non judgmental self-reflection
- 112Systems approachan orientation that encourages therapists to see an individual's symptoms as being influenced by many different interacting systems such as the family system
- 113Cognitive restructuringshows a person how to recognize their irrational thoughts
- 114Stress inoculationhelps to reduce severe emotional reactions experienced under stress
- 115Psychopharmacotherapythe use of drugs to attempt to manage or reduce client's symptoms; often used in conjunction with some form of therapy
- 116Psychotropic drugsmedications designed to alter psychological functioning; cross the blood brain barrier
- 117Antidepressant drugsmedications designed to elevate mood and reduce other symptoms of depression
- 118Monoamine oxidase inhibitorsthe first type of antidepressant used; work by deactivating monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
- 119Tricyclic antidepressantone of the earliest types of antidepressants on the market; appear to block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
- 120Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsa class of antidepressant that block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil - 121Mood stabilizersare drugs that are used to prevent or reduce severity of mood disorders experienced by people with bipolar disorder
Ex: Lithium - 122Anti anxiety drugsprescribed to alleviate nervousness and tension and to reduce panic attacks
- 123Antipsychotic drugsare generally used treat symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, and severely disturbed or disorganized thought
- 124Tardive dyskinesiaa severe and often permanent side effect of antipsychotic drugs; a movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics
- 125Atypical antipsychoticsmakers of typical antipsychotics claim that these drugs are less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects including movement disorders
- 126Frontal Lobotomysurgically removing regions of the cortex in the hope of curing psychological problems
- 127Leucotomysurgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex; involves drilling small hole into the skull and typically inserting a small wire loop into the hole and into the brain matter
- 128Focal lesionssmall areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed
- 129Electroconvulsive therapyinvolves passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure
- 130Transcranial magnetic stimulationtherapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field; does not involve anesthesia nor does it induce seizures
- 131Deep brain stimulationa technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain; inserting thin electrode-tipped wires into brain and carefully directing them to targeted brain regions
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- Beschreibung
- PSYC 1200 Karteikarten am PSYC 1200 , erstellt von Chantal Delaquis am 13/04/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Chantal Delaquis
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