Karteikarten
Interrogating Suspects
Karten in diesem Stapel (51)
- 1Guildford Four Case1973: falsely accused and sentenced to life in prison
Police coercion (torture, intimidation) to obtain confessions, long hours of questioning
1989: convictions were quashed - 2Birmingham Six Case1975: sentenced to life imprisonment
Deprived of food, sleep, threats, beating
1991: freed by Court of Appeals - 3Fisher inquiry (1977)3 youths wrongly confessed to murder and charged by MET police
- 4Royal Commission Criminal Procedure (1981)Resulted in research (Softley, 1980)
- 5Police & Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984Mandatory tape recording of suspect interviews
Safeguard for mentally disordered or at risk - 6Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (1993)22 studies commissioned including Gudjonssion's work on vulnerable suspects
- 7What is confirmation bias (Nickerson, 1998)?People seek, perceive, interpret and create evidence that verifies pre-existing beliefs
- 8Todd Johnson CaseBluff tactic- police said that the blood in his car provided a DNA match
Exhausting 19hr questioning - he confessed
Thought that tests would prove his innocence - 9Jeffrey DeskowicPolice led him to believe they had collected his DNA at rape/murder scene
Released 16 years later, DNA matched to actual perpetrator - 10Madrid BombingsMarch (2004): terrorist train bombing
Latent fingerprint verified by 3 experts and court as Brandon Mayfield
eventually matched to Ouhnane Daoud - 11Elaad et al. (1994)Polygraph: 10 examiners examining 14 charts
told that for 1/2 charts suspects had confessed
Examiners were more likely to say they were deceptive in this condition but only where ambiguous
No difference between trained/untrained examiners - 12Kassin et al. (2013)Judgements on fingerprints are influenced by psychological factors (human element) and contextual information (high profile, pressure)
- 13Dror & Rosenthal (2008)Reliability of fingerprint judgements falls between .33-.80
- 14Kassin et al. (2003)Suspects guilty or innocent of mock crime questioned by interviewers who were told 'most guilty' or 'most innocent'
Those told most guilty: used interrogation techniques, more pressure to confess, guilt-presumptive questions - 15Tversky & Kahneman (1974)Belief confirming processes are part of human cognition
- 16Kassin (2005)Confession have the most impact on jurors even when they believe it has been coerced
- 17Gudjonsson & Petussion (1991)3 ways why 74 offenders in Iceland confessed:
1. Internal pressure (get it off my chest)
2. External pressure (police behaviour, custodial factors)
3. Proof (real or fabricated) - 18Who uses the information gathering procedures?UK, New Zealand, Australia
Characterised by rapport-building, truth seeking and active listening - 19Who used the accusatorial procedures?USA and Canada
Characterised by confrontational and guilt-presumptive approach - 20Meissner et al. (2012)Meta-analysis, 12 studies
IG produced higher frequency of true confessions and lower frequency of false confessions
4 dimensions they differ on:
1: Relationship with suspect
2: Questioning
3: Primary Intended Outcome
3: Deception detection - 21Reid's Nine Steps of Interrogation (CTDOAMQOW)1. Direct, postive confrontation
2. Theme Development
3. Handling denials
4. Overcoming objetions
5. Procurement and retention of suspect's attention
6. Handling passive mood
7. Provide alternate questions
8. Orally provide details
9. Turn oral confession into a written one - 22What is minimisation and maximisation?Minimisation: emotional suspect = lull into false sense of security = victim blame
Maximisation = non-emotional suspect = intimidate and scare suspect - 23What are the advantages and disadvantages of Reid's model?Advantages: influential, advocated as a technique
Disadvantages: confirmation bias, feel guilty, unethical, not highly regarded - 24Leo (1996)Accusatorial techniques result in more incriminating information
- 25Feld (2013)Lower levels of emotion, more of confrontation techniques in accusatorial methods
- 26King & Snook (2009)Accusatorial can result in full/partial confession even for crimes they did not do
- 27Adrian P. Thomas Case2008: confessed to killing his infant son
Interrogation was videotaped: coercion and confession was involuntary
2014: conviction overturned by Court of Appeals
New York police agencies began to revise interrogation protocols - 28PEACE Model (PPEEACE)Preparation and planning
Engage & Explain
Account
Closure
Evaluate - 29What are the advantages of the PEACE Model?Not focused on confessions, no coercion, no deception detection
- 30Clarke & Milner (2001)Examined 177 interviews with suspects and witness, 2/3rds trained in PEACE
Few differences in trained/untrained
10% breaching PEACE - unethical - 31Warren Blackwell CasePost PEACE
1999: jailed for 3 years for sexual assault
2010: received an apology from Northamptonshire police
Victims had previously made up allegation
Police error in not examining discrepancies in her account - 32Bull & Soukara (2009)50% of suspect interviews involve challenging their account
- 33Ministry of Justice (2011)ABE guideline: witness may be susceptible to suggestion, compliance and acquiescence
- 34O'Mahoney et al. (2013)ABE is not given to investigators who conduct suspect interviews
- 35Clare & Gudjonnson (1995)Those with intellectual disabilities think
- Question could be retracted
- Less aware of false confession consequences
- Not believe could be used as evidence in court
- That can go home after confessing - 36What are the three types of confession?1. Voluntary confession
2. Coerced compliant confession: shortchanged term benefits, instrumental gain
3. Coerced internalised confession: fatigue, stress
Believe guilty even if innocent - 37Why would someone falsely confess?- Desire to protect someone (Sigurdsson & Gidjonsson, 2003)
- Need for fame: attention seeking
- Escape pressures of interrogation situation
- Believe that if confess = treated more leniently
- Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy (Gudjonsson, 2002) - 38Central Park Jogger Case1989: 5 teenagers aged 14-16 confessed to violent attacks in a 14-30hr interrogation
Served 7-13 years in jail
2002: a convicted murderer confessed and DNA exonerated boys
Told investigators what they wanted to hear- thought they could go home after - 39Stephen Kiszuko CaseMA= 12, spent 16 years in jail for murder & assault of school girl
Suggestibility: came to accept messages communicated at questioning (Gudjonnson & Clarke, 1986)
Compliance: please interviewer, avoid conflict (Gudjonsson, 2003)
Acquiescence: tendency for interviewee to answer yes to questions - 40Stephen Downing CaseGraveyard gardener, MA =11
Found body, covered in blood- informed the police
16 hours of interrogation - jailed for 27 years
Coerced internalised confession - 41Gudjonnson (2003)Coerced internalised confession linked to memory distrust syndrome
A lack of trust in one's own recollection (Gudjonsson, 2003) - 42What are the two forms of memory distrust syndrome?1. People come to develop false memories
2. Falsely believe they committed a crime- no memories - 43Kassin et al. (1997)What makes people more susceptible to memory distrust syndrome?
Vulnerability: substance abuse, low IQ
False evidence of guilt: failed polygraph, told DNA found at scene - 44Kassin & Kiechel (1996)Alt key study
Asked to enter data - if press Alt = crash
Crashed, accomplice said saw them do it
69% falsely confessed to pressing the key - 45Herlenberg et al. (2005)Adding serious consequence to the ALT key study
If falsely confess = fail final year
Still falsely confessed - experiment had to be stopped - 46Redich & Goodman (2003)Alt key in children (12-13, 15-16 and college students)
- Children more likely to take responsibility of alt key printout
- More suggestible = more likely to sign confession
- 69% falsely confessed, 39% internalised confession - 47Russano et al. (2005)Intnentional act: given opportunity to cheat by giving answer to confederate
= guilty or innocent suspects
Guilty (71.6%) and innocent (20.3%) likely to confess
Leniency manipulated by minimisation or via a deal
Minimisation used = 57.4 vs. not = 34.5
Deal used = 54.1 vs. not = 37.8% confessed
Both minimisation and deal used lead to a dramatic increase in confession rates - 48Association of Chief of Police OfficersClarke & Milne (2001) evaluation of PEACE changes: research impacting policy
- 492012: needs of vulnerable suspect in CJS- Recognition of vulnerabilities
- Effective participation of vulnerable suspects
- Introduction of audio + video recordings of police interviews - 50Cooper & Wurtzel (2013)What is vulnerable? How to support them? Intermediaries only offered to vulnerable witnesses
- 51O'Mahoney et al. (2013)Officers should use different communication skills when confronting discrepancies in vulnerable suspect's account
The complexity of language used in courtrooms
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- Criminal and Forensic (PS3181) Karteikarten am Interrogating Suspects, erstellt von Eleni Blakemore am 24/04/2017.
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- Eleni Blakemore
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