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B1 Flash Cards

Digby Murray Englisch 50 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (50)

  1. 1What is the Metabolic Rate? Name one factor that can affect it.This is the rate at which chemical reactions take place in the body. People with a higher metabolic rate generally have a higher muscle to fat ratio.
    It can be affected by Genes
  2. 2How much more energy is stored in a gram of fat when compared to a gram of carbohydrate or protein?2 X
  3. 3What happens if a person has a high level of cholestrol in their blood?Firstly the cholestrol develops a high risk of plaque building up in blood vessel walls. The plaque slows down the blood flow and a clot may be formed. This can block arteries and cause a heart attack.
  4. 4Which type of cholestrol is 'good' and why? Which type of cholestrol is 'bad' and why?HDL is 'good', it removes cholestrol from cell walls, reducing the chance of heart disease.
    LDL is 'bad', it can cause heart disease.
  5. 5Define the following terms: Pathogen Toxin Epidemic PandemicPATHOGEN - a microorganism that causes disease.
    TOXIN - a poison
    EPIDEMIC - when a wide spread of people have a disease
    PANDEMIC - when a whole country or multiple countries are affected by a disease.
  6. 6What did Ignaz Semmelweis do to reduce the death rate of pregnant women?Made all the doctors wash their hands in chlorine water.
  7. 7What is phagocytosis?When a type of white blood cell known as a phagocyte surrounds a bacterium and ingests it.
  8. 8What are antibodies?These are chemicals released by lymphocytes that are specific to a pathogen. They stick to the pathogen and either kill it or make it easier to destroy.
  9. 9Describe one method to test for the best antibiotic.Spread bacteria onto the jelly of a petri dish. Now place paper discs soaked with different antibiotics onto the jelly. Leave for a while and then the antibiotic with the widest area around it is the most effective.
  10. 10How might bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?Natural selection
  11. 11Why do we need to avoid using antibiotics unnecessarily?Because then there is a greater risk of bacteria becoming resistant to it.
  12. 12What is Vaccination?This is when small amounts of dead or inactive pathogen are injected into a person's body. The white blood cells attack them and so the body learns how to defend itself if that disease attacks again.
  13. 13How do new infectious diseases appear?When previous strains mutate.
  14. 14Describe how cultures are grown.Place a small amount of the microorganism you want to grow into a sterilised nutrient medium. If an inoculating loop is needed sterilise that with a flame. Then seal the agar jelly with the bacteria in the petri dish and store at a temperature lower than 25 degrees C
  15. 15What type of cell secretes hormones?Glands
  16. 16What is used in a nervous response?Electrical impulses along the nerves.
  17. 17What do neurones do?Transmit electrical impulses from receptors to the central nervous system then to an effector (eg muscle)
  18. 18Describe what happens in the nervous system when you stand on a pin.A receptor picks up the stimulus. Then a sensory neurone carries an impulse to the spinal cord. When it reaches a synapse a chemical is secreted which diffuses through the gap to the next neurone. An impulse then travels through a relay then a motor neurone to the effector.
  19. 19How does the body lose: 1. Water 2. Salt 3. Heat1. Breath, sweat and urine
    2. Urine
    3. Skin and sweat evaporation
  20. 20Describe the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle.1. The PITUITARY GLAND secreted FSH. This causes maturation of eggs and the stimulation of Oestrogen.
    2. Oestrogen makes the uterus lining thicken, it inhibits FSH production.
    3. LH stimulates release of eggs.
    4. As FSH as dropped, so does Oestrogen and the cycle starts again.
  21. 21Describe IVFThe woman is given hormones to stimulate the production of eggs. These are then mixed with her partners sperm to fertilise, a fertilised egg is placed in the uterus which then develops as a fetus.
  22. 22Define these terms: 1. Auxin 2. Phototropism 3. Gravitropism1. A plant hormone that makes cells grow longer.
    2. A growth response to light.
    3. A growth response to gravity.
  23. 23What happens if a drug addict stops using a drug?They suffer from withdrawal.
  24. 24Name three stages of a drug trial.1. The drug is tested on human cells.
    2. The drug is tested on animals.
    3. The drug is tested on human volunteers. They are often done with a double-blind trial.
  25. 25What are statins?These are drugs that help people reduce their blood cholestrol levels.
  26. 26Why are professional sports-people banded from using certain drugs?Because they can be performance-enhancing. Eg steroids which stimulate muscle growth.
  27. 27Name 3 ways in which organisms compete.Mates, Territory and Food.
  28. 28Why do many organisms adapt to live in extreme environments?There is less competition there.
  29. 29Name three adaptations associated with animals that live in cold environments.Thick fur, Thick layers of fat and Small surface area.
  30. 30What is the term for an organism that lives in extreme environments?Extremophile
  31. 31Name a living factor that has changed the environment of Britain recently.The introduction of grey squirrels.
  32. 32What could happen if all the bees dissapeared?Less pollination = less fruit and vegetables = less food for herbivores = extinction = less food for carnivores = extinction = END OF THE WORLD
  33. 33How can organisms be used to measure pollution in Britain?Certain species of lichen do not live at certain sulfur dioxide concentrations. Also river pollution can be measured by the species that live in it.
  34. 34Why do plants only capture a small amount of the light hitting Earth?Because alot of light misses the leaves altogether, some light reflects off the surface and some is of the wrong wavelength
  35. 35How do we calculate te efficiency of energy transfer?efficiency = (useful energy transferred/original energy in) x 100%
  36. 36Why is a pyramid of biomass always drawn with a pyramidal shape?Because energy is lost at every stage.
  37. 37Why are energy losses from mammals and birds higher than snakes, frogs and fish?Because they need to keep their body temperature high.
  38. 38At which temperature do bacteria grow fastest?Around 20 degrees celsius.
  39. 39Name three ways of treatng food to reduce decay?Canning, Pickling and Drying
  40. 40What is the equation for photosynthesis? What is the equation for respiration?1. Carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen
    2. Glucose + oxygen > carbon dioxide + water
  41. 41What are chromosomes?Long sections of DNA
  42. 42What is variation affected by?Inherited genes and the environment.
  43. 43What is a term for the cell produced by fertilisation?A zygote
  44. 44What is internal fertilisation?When the egg is fertilised inside the female's body.
  45. 45Describe adult-cell-cloning1. Nucleus removed from a cell
    2. Nucleus from another cell is implanted.
    3. The cell is given a shock to start reproducing.
    4. When the embryo is big enough it is put into a female's uterus.
  46. 46How have bacteria been Genectically Enigneered to produce insulin?The insulin gene is inserted into a bacterium. The bacterium reproduces and with it the insulin gene is reproduced.
  47. 47What is GM?Genetic Modification
  48. 48What is Charles Darwin's theory known as?Natural Selection
  49. 49How does natural selection work?1. An organism's offspring might have a genetic variation.
    2. This enables the offspring to survive better and pass on it's genes.
    3. The species evolves.
  50. 50What is an evolutionary tree?A diagram showing how all the organisms of today have a common ancestor.

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Beschreibung
Karteikarten am B1 Flash Cards, erstellt von Digby Murray am 26/05/2014.
Erstellt von
Digby Murray · Mai 2014
Aktualisiert
25 Apr 2016
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