Karteikarten
Sinuses, skull, and facial bones
Karten in diesem Stapel (84)
- 1Lateral Paranasal Sinuses PositioningPart position: MSP of head parallel with IR plane
IPL perp to IR plane
IOML perp to front edge of IR
CR: Horizontal and perp to IR
CR enters 1/2 to 1 inch posterior to outer canthus
Collimated field 8x10 inches - 2(PA) axial (Caldwell method) Angle Grid Technique Paranasal Sinuses PositioningPart position: Tilt vert bucky down 15 degrees
forehead and nose touching device
center nasion to IR
MSP and OML perp to IR plane
CR: Horizontal CR, and CR exits the nasion
Collimated field 8x10 inches - 3(PA) axial (Caldwell method) Vertical Grid Technique Paranasal Sinuses PositioningPart position: Position patient's OML at 15 degree angle to horizontal to CR
Center nasion to IR
MSP perp to IR
CR: Horizontal and exits nasion
Collimated field 8x10 inches - 4Parietoacanthial (Waters Method) Paranasal Sinuses PositioningPart position: Hyperextend neck to place OML at 37 degree angle from IR plane
MSP and MML Perp to IR plane
CR: Horizontal CR , and CR exits acanthion
Collimated field: 8 x10 inches - 5Parietoacanthial (Open Mouth Waters Method) Paranasal Sinuses PositioningPart position: Hyperextend neck to place OML at 37 degree angle from IR plane
MSP and MML perpendicular to IR plane
Open mouth wide
CR: Horizontal and exits acanthion
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 6SMV Projection Paranasal Sinuses PositioningPart position: Hyperextend neck and rest vertex of head on vertical grid device
MSP perp to IR plane
Neck extended to place IOML parallel to IR plane
CR: Horizontal and perp to IOML, Enters MSP 3/4 inch anterior to level of EAM
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 7Lateral Projection Cranium PositioningPart position: MSP of head parallel to image receptor
IPL perp
IOML parallel to transverse axis of cassette
CR: Perp to center of IR, Enters superior to EAM
Collimated field: 10 x12 inches - 8Lateral Projection Dorsal Decubitus Cranium PositioningPart Position: Elevate head on radiolucent support to center to vertical IR
MSP of head vertical to IR
IPL Perp to IR
IOML parallel to transverse axis of cassette
CR: Horizontal and perp to center of IR, Enters 2 inches superior to EAM
Collimated field: 10 x12 inches - 9PA Cranium positioningPatient Position: Seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on table or upright bucky
Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion
CR: Perp, exits nasion
Collimated field: 10 x12 inches - 10PA Axial Caldwell Cranium ProjectionPatient Position: Seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on table or upright bucky
Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion
CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, Exits nasion
Collimated field: 10 x12 inches - 11AP Cranium PositioningPatient and Part Position: Supine, MSP centered to midline, MSP and IR perp to IR
CR: Perp, and enters nasion
Collimated field: 10 x12 inches - 12AP Axial Cranium PositioningPatient and Part Position: Supine, MSP centered to midline, MSP and IR perp to IR
CR: 15 degrees cephalad, enters nasion
Collimated field: 10 x12 inches - 13AP Axial Towne Method Cranium PositioningPatient and Part Position: Supine or seated erect, MSP center to midline, MSP perp, OML or IOML perp, IR top border level with skull vertex, IR center at or near foramen magnum
CR: Directed through foramen magnum, If OML is perp angle 30 degrees caudal, If IOML is perp angle 37 degrees caudal
Collimated field: 10 x12 inches - 14PA Axial Haas Method Cranium PositioningPatient Position: Prone or Upright, MSP centered to midline, Shoulders in same horizontal plane to avoid rotation
Part Position: Forehead and nose on table, MSP perp, OML perp to IR
CR: Directed cephalad at 25 degree angle to OML, Enters at a point 1 1/2 inches below external occipital protuberance, Exits 1 1/2 inches superior to nasion
Collimate field: 10 x 12 - 15SMV Projection (Schuller Method) Cranium PositioningPatient Position: Seated or upright, Torso elevated if supine
Part Position: MSP centered to midline, IOML parallel with IR, MSP perp to IR
CR: Through sella turcica perp to IOML, Enters MSP of throat between angles of mandible, Passes through a point 3/4 inch anterior to level of EAM
Collimated Field: 10x12 inches - 16Lateral Projection Facial Bones PositioningPatient Position: Upright or recumbent anterior oblique position
Part Position: MSP of head parallel with IR, IPL perp to IR, IOML perp to front edge of IR
CR: Perp to IR center, Enters patient on lateral surface of zygomatic bone halfway between outer canthus and external acoustic meatus EAM
Collimated Field: 6x10 inches - 17Parietoacanthial (Waters) Facial Bones PositioningPatient Position: Prone or seated upright, Center MSP to midline of upright bucky
Part Position: Rest chin tip on board, Place OML to form a 37 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp, MSP perp, Center IR to level of acanthion
CR: Perp to and exits acanthion
Collimated field 8x10 inches - 18Modified Waters Facial bones PositioningPatient Position: Prone or seated upright, Center MSP to midline of bucky
Part Position: Rest chin tip on board, Place OML to form a 55 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp, MSP perp, Center IR to level of acanthion
CR: Perp to and exits acanthion
Collimated field 8x10 inches - 19Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters) Facial Bones PositioningPatient position: Supine, MSP centered to midline of grid
Part position: Extend chin and neck to place OML at 37 degree angle with the plane of the IR, MML almost perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane
CR: Perp to ancanthion
Collimated Field: 10x12 inches - 20PA Axial (Caldwell) Facial bones positioningPatient position: seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on bucky
Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion
CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, exits nasion
* For exaggerated Caldwell angle 30 degrees caudad for orbital rims
Collimated Field: 10x12 inches - 21Lateral Nasal bones positioningPatient Position: Upright or recumbent anterior oblique, MSP of head horizontal
Part Position: MSP parallel with table top, IPL perp to table top, IOML is parallel with transverse axis of IR
CR: Perp to bridge of nose, enters at a point 1/2 inch distal to nasion
Collimated field: 3x3 inches, Field should extend from the glabella to the acathion and 1/2 inches beyond the top of the nose - 22Parietoacanthial (Waters) Nasial bones positioningPatient Position: prone or seated erect, center MSP to midline of bucky
Part Position: Rest chin tip on board, Place OML to form a 37 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp, MSP perp
CR: perp to exit at a point midway between nasion and acanthion
Collimated field: 3x3 inches - 23PA Axial (Caldwell) Nasal Bones PositioningPatient Position: Seated erect or prone, MSP centered to midline, Forehead and nose resting on bucky
Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR, IR centered to nasion
CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, Exits nasion
Collimated field: 3x3 inches - 24Submentovertical Zygomatic ArchesPatient Position: Seated erect or supine
* If supine elevate thorax
Part position: hyperextend neck to place IOML parallel with IR plane, Rest head on vertex, MSP perp to IR plane
CR: perp to IOML, Enters MSP at level 1 inch posterior to outer canthi
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 25Parietoacanthial (Waters) Zygomatic Arches PositioningPatient position: Prone or seated erect, center MSP to midline of bucky
Part position: Rest head on tip of extended chin, place OML to form 37 degree angle with plane of IR, MML perp to IR, MSP perp to IR, Center IR to level of acanthion
CR: Perp to exit acanthion
Collimated Field: 8x10 inches - 26Tangential Zygomatic Arches PositioningPatient Position: Seated upright with back against bucky, supine with trunk elevated
Part Position: Hyperextend neck and rest head on vertex, IOML as parallel with IR plane as possible, rotate MSP of head 1 degrees toward side being examined, tilt top of head away from side being examined, center zygomatic arch to IR
CR: perp to IOML, centered to zygomatic arch at a point of 1 in posterior to outer canthus
Collimated Field: 8x10 inches - 27AP Axial (Modified Towne) Zygomatic Arches PositioningPatient position: seated upright or supine
Part Position: MSP perp to midline of grid, OML or IOML perp to IR plane
CR: Angled 30 degrees caudad to enter glabella approximately 1 inch above nasion, If IOML used angle 37 degrees caudad
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 28PA Mandible PositioningPaitent position: prone or seated upright facing bucky
Part position: Rest forehead and nose on IR, OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane
CR: Perp to exit acanthion
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 29PA axial Mandible positioningPatient position: Prone or upright facing bucky, OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane
CR: Directed 20 to 25 degrees cephalad, exits acanthion
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 30AP Axial (Towne) Mandible positioningPatient and part position: Supine or seated erect, MSP centered to midline, MSP perp, OML perp, anterior surface of mandibular symphysis parallel with IR plane, AML nearly perp to IR plane
CR: Directed midway between the TMJ's, 30 degrees caudal
Collimated Field: 8 x10 inches - 31PA modified waters mandible positioningPart position: MSP centered to the midline of the grid head is rested on nose and chin, anterior surface of mandibular symphysis is parallel with IR plane, AML nearly perp with IR plane, MSP perp to plane of IR
CR: Perp to level of the lips - 32Axiolateral and Axiolateral Oblique Mandible positioningPart position: Lateral with IPL perp to IR, mouth closed with teeth together, Extend neck to place mandibular body parallel with transverse axis of IR, Adjust rotation of head to place area of interest parallel to IR
*Ramus= head in true lateral
*Body= Rotate head 30 degrees toward IR
* Symphysis= Rotate head 45 degrees toward IR
CR: Angled 25 degrees cephalad to pass directly through the mandibular region of interest
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 33SMV Mandible PositioningPart position: MSP centered to midline, IOML parallel with IR, MSP per to IR, neck fully extended resting on vertex
CR: directed through the sella turcica perp to the IOML, enters MSP of throat between angles of the mandible, passes through a point 3/4 inch anterior to level of EAM
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 34AP Axial (Modified Towne) TMJS PositioningPatient positioning: Posterior skull in contact with bucky
Part position: MSP of head perp to IR plane, OML perp to IR plane
CR: Angled 35 degrees caudad, Centered midway between TMJs entering a point of 3 inches above nasion
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 35Axiolateral (Modified Shuller) TMJs PositioningPatient position: One exposure made with mouth open, and one made with mouth closed if possible
Part Position: MSP parallel to plane of IR, IPL perp to IR plane, Affected side closest to IR in lat position
CR: 25 to 30 degrees caudad, Enters 1/2 inch anterior and 2 inches superior to the upside of the EAM
Collimated field: 8x10 inches - 36Axiolateral Oblique (modified Law) TMJs PositioningPatient Position: Semiprone or seated upright, one exposure made with mouth open and one made with mouth closed if possible
Part Position: Center a point 1/2 inch anterior to EAM to IR, Rest cheek against the grid device, rotate MSP 15 degrees toward IR, IPL perp to IR plane, AML parallel with transverse axis of IR
CR: Angled 15 degrees caudad, Exits through TMJ closer to IR, Enters approximately 1 1/2 inch superior to upside EAM
Collimated Field: 8x10 inches - 37Parietoacanthial (Waters) Orbits PositioningPatient Position: Center MSP to midline of bucky
Part Positioning: tip of chin touches, OML forms a 37 degree angle with plane of IR, Mentomeatal line perp to IR, MSP perp to IR, Center IR to level of acanthion
CR: Perp to acanthion
Collimated field: 8x10 - 38Lateral Orbits PositioningPatient Position: Semi-prone or seated upright, MSP parallel with plane of IR, IPL perp to IR plane
Part Positioning: Outer canthus of affected eye adjacent and centered to midpoint of IR, Instruct patient to look straight ahead for exposure
CR: Perp through outer canthus - 39PA Axial (Caldwell) Orbits PositioningPatient Position: Forehead and nose resting on table or upright bucky
Part Position: OML perp to IR plane, MSP perp to IR plane, IR centered to 3/4 inch distal to nasion, Instruct patient to close eyes and hold them still during exposure
CR: 30 degrees caudad, Enters through the center of the orbits - 40Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) Orbits PositioningPart position: Rest head on extended chin, OML forms a 50 degree angle with IR plane, MSP perp to IR, Center IR to the level of center of orbits, Instruct patient to close eyes and hold them still during exposure
CR: Perp through the mid-orbits - 41Lateral Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation*All four sinus groups shown
* sphenoidal sinus is best demonstrated
*No Rotation or tilt of sinus anatomy
-Sella turcica in profile
-Superimposed orbital roofs
-Super imposed mandibular rami
*AP and superoinferior dimensions of paranasal sinuses
*Thickness of frontal bone
* Detail of side closest to IR - 42PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation* Frontal sinuses above frontal suture
*Anterior ethmoid air cells
*Spenoid sinuses seen through nasal fossa bellow or between the ethmoids
*Petrous pyramids in lower third of orbit
*Frontal and ethmoids best demostrated - 43Parieoacanthial Projection (Waters Method) Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation*Maxillary sinuses best demonstrated
*Petrous pyramids lying Inferior to the maxillary floor
* Frontal and ethmoid sinuses distorted - 44Parieoacanthial Projection (Open-Mouth Waters Method) Paranasal sinuses Image evaluation*Sphenoid sinuses through open mouth
*Maxillary sinuses
*Petrous pyramids lying inferior to maxillary floor - 45What is the name for the largest paranasal sinuse?Maxillary
- 46What are the paranasal sinuses functions?* Shock absorbers
*Aid in warming and moisturizing inhaled air
*Decrease the weight of the skull
*Serve as a resonating chamber for the voice
* Possibly control the immune system - 47When do maxillary sinuses develop?At birth
- 48When do frontal and spenoid sinuses start to develop?6 to 7 years of age
- 49When are sinuses fully developed?Around age 18
- 50The Skull is divided into how many groups?two
- 51What are the names of the two groups the skull is divided into?Cranial bones and Facial bones
- 52How many Cranial bones are there?8
- 53How many Facial bones ?14
- 54Define DiploeLayer of spongy bone separating two outer plates of compact tissue
- 55typical skull morphologyMesocephalic
- 56Lateral Cranium Image evaluation*Entire cranium without rotation or tilt, demonstrated by:
-superimposed orbital roofs and greator wings of spenoid
-Superimposed mastoid regions and EAM
-Superimposed TMJs
-Sella turcica in profile
* No overlap of cervical spine by mandible - 57PA projection Cranium Image evaluation* Pa projection shows orbits filled by petrous ridges
*Entire cranial perimeter showing three distinct tables of squamous bone
*Penetration of frontal bone with appropriate brightness at lateral borders of skull - 58PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Cranium Image evaluation* Same as PA
* Except demonstrates petrous pyramids lying in lower third of orbit - 59AP/AP Axial Cranium Image evaluation* Same as PA and PA axial projections except AP projections are more magnified
- 60AP Axial (Towne Method) Cranium Image evaluation* Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes visible with in foramen magnum
* Penetration of occipital bone with appropriate brightness
* Posterior aspects of the parietal bone and occipital bone are best demonstrated - 61PA Axial (Hass Method) Cranium Image evaluation*Equal distances from lat borders of skull to lat margins of foramen magnum on both sides
*Symmetric petrous pyramids
** Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes visible with in foramen magnum - 62SMV Projection Cranium Image evaluation*Mandibular condyles anterior to petrosae
* Equal distances from lat borders of skull to mandibular condyles on both sides
*Mental protuberances superimposed over anterior frontal bone - 63Lateral Facial Bones Image evaluation* All facial bones in their entiret, with the zygomatic bones in the center
* Almost perfectly superimposed mandibular rami
* Superimposed orbital roofs
*Sella turcia in profile - 64Parietoacnthial (Waters) Facial Bones Image Evaluation*Maxilla and zygomatic arch best demonstrated
* Petrous ridges projected immediately below the maxillary sinuses
* Brightness and contrast demonstrates soft tissue and boney trabular detail - 65Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) Facial Bones Image evaluation* less axial angulation then the waters projection
*Petrous ridges projected immediately below inferior border of the orbits, midway through maxillary sinuses
* Best demonstrates blow out fractures of the orbits - 66Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters) Facial bones Image evaluation*Entire orbits and facial bones
* Distances between lat borders of the skull and orbits are equal on each side
*Petrous ridges projected below maxillary sinuses - 67PA Axial Caldwell Projection Facial bones Image evaluation* Equal distance from the lateral borders of the skull to lateral borders of the orbits on both sides
* Symmetric petrous ridges lying in the lower third of the orbit
* Best demonstrates orbital rims, maxilla, nasal septums, zygomatic bones - 68Lateral Nasal Bones Image evaluation*Nasal bones, anterior nasal spine, and frontal suture demonstrated
* No rotation of nasal bones
*Brightness and contrast demonstrates soft tissue and boney trabecular detail - 69Parietoacanthial (Waters) Nasal bones Image evaluation*Boney nasal septum shown without rotation
*Evidence of close collimation
* Best shown for deviated bony nasal septum - 70PA Axial (Caldwell) Nasal bones Image evaluation*Same as facial bones
- 71Submentovertical Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation* Zygomatic arches free from overlying structures
* No rotation or tilt of head, evidenced by
-zygomatic arches symmetric and without foreshortening - 72Parietoacanthial (Waters) Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation* Best demonstrates orbits, maxillae, and zygomatic arches
Same evaluation criteria as facial bones - 73Tangential Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation* zygomatic arches free from overlying structures
* Brightness and contrast demonstrate soft tissue and boney trabecular detail - 74AP Axial (Modified Towne) Zygomatic Arches Image evaluation* No overlap of zygomatic arches by mandible
* No Rotation or tilt - 75PA Mandible Image evaluation*Entire mandible
*No rotation or tilt, evidenced by
-Mandibular body and rami symmetric on each side
-MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field - 76PA Axial Mandible Image evaluation*Entire mandible
*No rotation or tilt, evidenced by
-Mandibular body and rami symmetric on each side
-MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field
* Condylar processes - 77AP Axial (Towne) Mandible Image evaluation* Best demonstrates mandibular body and TMJs
*No rotation or tilt, evidenced by
-symmetric rami
-MSP of head aligned with long axis of collimated field - 78Parietoacanthial (Waters) Mandible Image evaluationBest demonstrates body of mandible
- 79Axiolateral and Axiolateral Oblique Mandible Image evalution* Ramus and body shown
-no overlap of ramus by opposite side of mandiable
-no elongation or foreshortening of ramus or body
-No super imposition of Ramus of C-spine - 80Submentovertex mandiable image evaluation* Condyles are anterior to the pars petrosa
*MSP aligned to collimated field - 81AP Axial TMJ image evaluation* no rotation of head
* Minimal superimposition of petrosa on condyle in closed mouth position
* Condyles and TMJ below pars petrosa in open mouth position - 82Axiolateral (Shuller) TMJ image evaluation*Condyle in mandibular fossa in closed mouth exam
* Condyle inferior to articular tubercle in open mouth exam - 83Axiolateral Oblique TMJ Image evaluation* TMJ
*Condyle lying in mandibular fossa in closed mouth position
*Condyle lying inferior to articular tuberical in open-mouth position, if norma; - 84Parietoacanthial (Waters) Orbits image evaluation*Entire orbits
*MSP aligned with long axis of columated field
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- Beschreibung
- Radiological Technology Karteikarten am Sinuses, skull, and facial bones , erstellt von Ashley DeSalvo am 30/07/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Ashley DeSalvo
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