Karteikarten
Nematode MABI 8
Karten in diesem Stapel (18)
- 1What is the syncytial cell?It is nematode feeding site induced by cyst nematodes (heterodera and globodera)
- 2Describe the characteristics of the syncytial cells?1. The syncytial feeding site formed by the active local cell wall degradation and protoplast fusion
2. Hypertrophy - excessive cell growth
3. Large nuclei in multi-nucleate syncytium
A very brute force nematode - 3Describe this figurePhloem unloading at nematode-induced feeding structures (refers to the active transport of photosynthesis products from the phloem sap into other plant cells)
- 4What is the giant cell? How do the nematodes get into the plant? What are the differences with the syncytial cell?* Giant cells (induced by root-knot nematodes)
* Makes u-turn to get into plant cells
* No cell wall degradation and protoplast fusion - 5Describe this figureNematode injects saliva into the host cell and cell start to transform into the giant cell when the Nucleai divide into two daughter nucleai and from there divide into the 4 daugher nucleai until end up in the 64 -128 nucleai
- 6So what is the unique characteristics of the giant cells?In the development of giant cells, there is acytokinensis mechanism. It means that the nuclear divison no longer couple with the cell division
- 7What is the plant hormones that play a role in the nematode induce feeding site?and to which mechanism this hormones responsible?1. Cytokinin
cell division and differentiation
2. Auxin
cell growth and tissue development
3. Ethylene
cell growth - 8f1. Nematodes inject cytokinins into the host cells
2. Cytokinins accumulate during syncytium initiation and expansion
3. Accumulation of cytokinin leads to the accumulation of auxin, whereas auxin is required for the development of nematode feeding site in the plant
4. Nematode blocks auxin efflux carrier (PIN1) from syncytial cells.
5. PIN3 accumulates lateral membrane in syncytial cells
6. Auxin increase the accumulation of ethylene
7. Ethylene is known to increase the susceptibility of plant to nematodes
8. Ethylene is important for feeding site initiation and expansion (because ethylene regulate the expression of expansins (protein that cause cell loosening by weakening non covalent interaction between cellulose and hemicellulose - 9Describe this experimentIn D, PIN1 is activated around the syncytium cell which can be seen from the GUS expression (blue) around the syncytium cells)
In E, PIN1 is blocked or not present, so PIN1 is absent in the syncytial cell. Then we can conclude that auxin efflux carrier (PIN1) is blocked in the syncytial cell
- 10—Nematode down-regulate the expression of auxin efflux (PIN1) in the initial feeding cell, and relocate PIN3 to the lateral membranes of syncytial cells
- 11—Expansins are specifically upregulated in the syncytia
- 12How to explain the large nucleus and nucleolus in the NFS?1. Extensive DNA and RNA production
2. Acytokinensis and endoreduplication is the reason the multiple nucleai and giant cell are very big
* DNA replication involves in the mitotic cell - 13What is the definition of the effector in the nematodes field?Effector
Compound that delivered into plant cell to suppress plant immunity
but also
to changes physiological process in the plant - 14How to get rid of females?1. Manual separation
2. Sex specific fluorescence
3. Female specific lethal - 15How to create female specific lethals?1. One component system
2. Two component system
Disadvantages:
1. Rapid decline in laboratory population
2. effects of endosymbionts
3. Distinguish sexes during mass-rearing and SIT procedure
4. Use sex specific promotors/genes - 16Complementary sex determination in haplodiploid 1. In single CSD (do inbreeding utntuk dapetin haploid males) 2. In multilocus system, a homozygous parent in both locusMEGISD in a parasitic wasp
(Maternal effect genomic imprinting sex determination) - 17SD cascades Cromosomes --> instruction --> transduction --> execution --> differentiationDoublesex
Responsible for regulating sexual dimorphic traits - 18Role of dsx in the specific morphology 1. dsxf promotes abdomen pigmentation in the drosophila, while the dsfm is inhibit 2. dsxf promotes sex combs in drosophila 3. dsxf promotes horn growth in horned beetles 4. dsxm inhibits pigmentation in nasoniaTransduction:
transformer --> serves as a cellular memory for determined sex
tra: sex specific splicing
Insect has autonomous sex determination to remember the sex
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- MABI flash card Karteikarten am Nematode MABI 8, erstellt von Robetauli Simangunsong am 06/08/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Robetauli Simangunsong · Aug 2017
- Aktualisiert
- 7 Aug 2017
- Aufrufe
- 2
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