An unimmunized child

An unimmunized child

1. demography

   • Hamad (5yrs old)
     • son of Nora & Ali
       • believe in alternative medicine

2. microorganisms

   • cannot affect host
     • but might cause harm when immune system declines
       • "opportunistic pathogens"
     • normal flora
   • can affect host
     • can cause disease
       • through contact with host
         • depends on
           • source of infection
           • mode of transmission
             • direct contact
             • ingestion
             • inhalation
             • inoculation
             • mother to child
           • portal of entry
             • skin
             • human
           • presence of host
       • degree of pathogenicity is called virulence
         • infect host through
           • attachment
           • invasion
           • colonisation & growth
           • adaptation
       • how?
         • release toxins
           • bacterial product that harms tissues
             • types
       • example
         • Diphtheria
         • M. Pneumonia
         • H. Influenza
         • Bordetella Pertussis
           • causes: WHOOPING COUGH
             • contagious bacterial disease
               • spread through droplets
             • Symptoms
               • early
                 • runny nose
                 • mild fever
                 • apnea
               • late
                 • exhaustion
                 • vomiting
                 • fits of high-pitch cough
             • Treatment & prevention
               • DOC: Erythromycin/ Azithromycin
               • DPT vaccine
                 • contains
                   • pertussis toxin
                   • filamentous hemagglutin
                   • Pertactin
               • if not, complications arise
             • diagnosis
               • PCR
               • specimen of nasopharyngeal aspirate
               • lab culture
       • To defend body
         • Immune response occurs
           • antibodies are produced
             • types
             • functions
             • glycoprotein produced by B-cells that binds with antigens
             • structure
               • 1. Variable region
                 • form antigen-binding site
               • 2. constant region
                 • how antibody class will carry its role
                 • determine type of Antibody formed
           • how to acquire immunity?
             • naturally
               • active
                 • infection
               • passive
                 • mother's antibodies to fetus
             • artificially
               • active
                 • vaccines
                   • product that produces immunity
                     • cause immune system to produce memory cells
                     • help lessen secondary response to disease
                   • routes of administration
                   • Vaccination schedule
                   • types
                     • live attenuated
                     • toxoid
                     • inactivated
                   • side effects
                     • headache
                     • fatigue
                     • fever
                     • nausea
                     • mild rash
                   • contraindication
                     • mild or severe illness
                     • immuno-suppressed
                     • anaphylactic shock history to a type of vaccine
                     • pregnant/nursing women
               • Passive
                 • injections of immune serum
             • herd
               • sufficient population is immune to disease
               • who needs it?
                 • newborns
                 • immunocompromised
                 • elderly
               • disadvantages
                 • doesn't provide 100% protection
                 • people will depend on it
                 • might lead to decline in vaccination
                   • which might cause an OUTBREAK

3. Innate Vs. Adaptive immunity

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