Mindmap
Endocrine 1
Inhalt der Mindmap
Endocrine 1
Islets of Langerhans
- Islet of Langerhans cells
- α alpha: periphery
- Glucagon
- activates glycogenolysis and lipolysis
- increases blood glucose
- Glucagon
- β beta center
- Insulin
- Dimer of α and β chains
- with S-S bridges
- entry of glucose into cells
- decreases blood glucose
- Diabetes mellitus
- insulin-dependent IDDM type 1
- autoimmune response to β cells
- treated by insulin
- non-insulin dependent NIDDM type 2
- target cell insulin insensitivity
- β cells cannot produce enough insulin
- insulin-dependent IDDM type 1
- Dimer of α and β chains
- Insulin
- δ or D delta
- Somatostatin
- Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones
- through paracrine action
- inhibits release of GH & TSH
- in anterior pituitary
- inhibits HCl secretion
- by gastric parietal cells
- Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones
- Somatostatin
- PP gamma cells
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- Stimulates gastric chief cells activity
- inhibits bile secretion
- inhibits intestinal motility
- inhibits pancreatic enzyme
- inhibits bicarbonate secretion
- Pancreatic polypeptide
- α alpha: periphery
- Islet of Langerhans cells
Pineal
- contains
- pinealocytes
- epithelial-derived
- large nuclei and prominent nucleoli
- produce melatonin
- from tryptophan
- maintaining circadian rhythms
- tumor suppressor
- scavenge hydroxyl radical
- puberty timing
- supporting glial cells=interstitial cells
- less numerous
- smaller
- darkly stained nuclei
- two types of calcifications
- Corpora arenacea= brain sand
- lumpy aggregates
- variable size
- darkly stained
- hydroxyapatite + protein
- convenient marker of the midline in sagittal sections
- Increase with age
- Myeloconia= brain dust
- smaller crystals of calcite
- visible only with electron microscope
- Similar to otoliths of inner ear
- smaller crystals of calcite
- Corpora arenacea= brain sand
- pinealocytes
- pinecone-shaped organ
- Function
- responds to light
- light received by retina
- Retinal signals
- stimulate
- hypothalamus
- sympathetic
- norepinephrine release
- inhibits pineal function
- norepinephrine release
- stimulate
- Retinal signals
- light received by retina
- active in darkness
- responds to light
- Divided into lobules by CT
- pinealocytes
- interstitial (glial) cells
- contains
Pituitary=hypophysis =master endocrine organ
- Anterior pituitary: adenohypophysis= oral derivatives
- pars intermedia
- remnant of Rathke’s pouch
- epithelial cells
- colloid material
- derived> oral ectoderm
- separated from the pars distalis by
- fluidfilled cysts
- are remnants of Rathke's pouch
- filled with a colloid-like solution
- fluidfilled cysts
- details
- between distalis & nervosa
- contains basophilic cords
- resembles pars distalis
- produce melanocyte stimulating hormone =MSH
- from proopiomelanocortin
- stimulates melanin production
- synthesizes proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
- Cleaved to form
- ACTH
- β-endorphin
- MSH
- Cleaved to form
- produce melanocyte stimulating hormone =MSH
- remnant of Rathke’s pouch
- pars tuberalis
- tube-like region
- pars distalis
- Histologically distinguished cells
- acidophils
- red, affinity for acidic dyes(eosin)
- Somatotrophs
- mammotrophs
- red, affinity for acidic dyes(eosin)
- basophils
- blue, affinity for basic dyes(hematoxylin)
- tropic hormones: act on other endocrine organs
- corticotrophs
- gonadotrophs
- thyrotrophs
- tropic hormones: act on other endocrine organs
- blue, affinity for basic dyes(hematoxylin)
- chromophobes
- pale, degranulated acidophils or basophils or stem cells
- acidophils
- Cell types
- Corticotrophs
- secrete ACTH
- controlled by CRH
- adrenal cortex
- release corticosteroids
- secrete Lipotropin
- regulate lipid metabolism
- secrete ACTH
- Somatotrophs
- secrete GH
- regulated by
- + GHRH
- - somatostatin
- Mammotrophs=lactotrophs
- stimulated by
- vasoactive intestinal peptide
- thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
- secrete prolactin
- stimulated by
- Gonadotrophs
- secrete FSH & LH
- FSH
- stimulates germ cell maturation
- Female
- ovarian follicle development
- estrogen secretion
- male
- spermatogenesis
- Female
- stimulates germ cell maturation
- LH
- Female
- ovulation
- progesterone secretion
- Male
- interstitial/Leydig cells stimulation
- testosterone production
- interstitial/Leydig cells stimulation
- Female
- FSH
- controlled by GnRH & LHRH
- secrete FSH & LH
- Thyrotrophs
- secrete TSH=thyrotropin
- act on thyroid to secrete
- thyroxine=T4
- triiodothyronine=T3
- act on thyroid to secrete
- controlled by TRH
- secrete TSH=thyrotropin
- folliculostellate cells
- intercellular network
- numerous gap junctions
- Corticotrophs
- Histologically distinguished cells
- pars intermedia
- Posterior pituitary: neural-derived regions: neurohypophysis
- Pars nervosa
- axon extending from two hypothalamic nuclei
- paraventricular
- supraoptic
- neurosecretion
- release stored hormones
- oxytocin 9aa
- antidiuretic hormone= ADH= vasopressin 9aa
- Stored in
- swellings near the axon terminus
- called Herring bodies
- swellings near the axon terminus
- coupled to neurophysin (N) I & II
- release stored hormones
- axon extending from two hypothalamic nuclei
- Infundibulum
- tube like cuff
- hypothalamohypophyseal tract
- median eminence
- contains
- unmyelinated axons
- pituicytes=glial-like cells
- interconnected via gap junctions
- fenestrated capillaries
- Pars nervosa
- Anterior pituitary: adenohypophysis= oral derivatives
hormones
- peptide
- ADH, oxytocin
- Lipid-derived
- from cholesterol
- estrogen
- glucocorticoids
- from eicosanoids
- prostaglandins
- from cholesterol
- Protein
- prolactin
- growth hormone
- Monoamine
- from a.a.: phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan
- catecholamines
- adrenaline
- noradrenaline
- thyroxine
- melatonin
- peptide
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- Beschreibung
- Mindmap am Endocrine 1, erstellt von B N am 03/11/2017.
- Erstellt von
- B N
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