Types and methods of practice and transfer of skills

Types and methods of practice and transfer of skills

1. Whole Practice

   • The skill is practised from the start point to the end point with no breaks in the movement
   • Long Jump
   • Simple skill
   • Closed Skill
   • Self Paced Skill
   • Gross skill
   • Fine Skill
   • Discrete skill
   • High organisation skill
   • Low organisation skill

2. Progressive-Part Practice

   • Practicing each subroutine of a skill in order, gradually combine each subroutine, until the whole skill movement is complete
   • Swimming Stroke
     • Arms then legs then breathing
   • Complex skill
   • Closed Skill
   • Self paced skill
   • Low organisation skill

3. Part Practice

   • The subroutines are practised individually
   • Practising the subroutines of a complex dive routine
     • Each component is practised separately
   • complex skills
   • closed skills
   • self paced skills
   • serial skills
   • low organisation skills

4. Varied Practice

   • The environment is manipulated to allow a skill to be practised in numerous competitive situations
   • Shooting off left/right foot in football in response to a changing environment
     • e.g. a defender going left or right
   • open skills
   • complex skill
   • externally paced skills
   • gross skills
   • fine skills

5. Fixed Practice

   • Repetition of practice drills allows the athlete to complete skills in sporting situations
   • Dribbling a football round cones
   • simple skills
   • complex skills
   • closed skills
   • self paced skills
   • gross skills
   • fine skills
   • discrete skills
   • serial skills
   • low organisation skills
   • high organisation skills

6. Whole-Part-Whole Practice

   • The athlete practices the skill as a whole (whole practice), then breaks the skill into subroutines (part practice)
   • Rugby conversion
   • closed skills
   • self-paced skills
   • low organisation skills

7. Massed Practice

   • Practice of a skill is uniterrupted by breaks or discussion, it is practiced as a whole movement
   • Long distance running (the actual performance)
   • simple skills
   • open skills
   • externally paced skills
   • self paced skills
   • gross skills
   • continuous skills
   • low organisation skills

8. Distributed Practice

   • Practice of a skill has breaks and dicussion at regular intervals
   • Long distance running
     • Breaks inbetween for tactic talks
   • Simple Skill
   • Open Skill
   • Externally and self paced
   • Gross skill
   • Contnuous and low organisation skill

9. Positive Transfer

   • A previously learnt skill aids the learning of a new skill
   • trowing a baseball and to bowling in cricket

10. Negative Transfer

    • The negative effect a previously learnt skill can have on learning a new skill
    • a shot putter transferring to a javelin event

11. Proactive Transfer

    • A previously learnt skill affects the futher learning of a skill
    • Tennis movements being used in a squash match

12. Bilateral Transfer

    • The transfer of a skill from one side of the body to another
    • Learning to kick a ball with the left foot as well as the right foot

13. Retroactive Transfer

    • The effect a newly learnt skill has on a previously learnt skill
    • The technique used in cricket batting (new skill) affects the skill of baseball batting (old skill)