Khawla has complications

Khawla has complications

1. Anatomy of the kidneys

   • Retroperitoneal
   • extend from T12 to L3
   • Right is lower than left
   • Transpyloric plane passes through the hilum
   • Bean shaped
   • Coverings of the kidney
   • Renal sinus and contents
   • Histology of the nephron
     • Takes place in the nephron

2. Physiology of filtration

   • Glomerular filtration rate
     • Indicators of GFR
       • Clearance: Volume of plasma cleared form the substance/unit of time
     • GFR Controls
       • Sympathetic NS
         • Catecholamines
           • Angiotensin II
             • Endothelin
               • NO
   • Renal blood flow

3. Body fluid composition

   • Oedema
     • Pathological accumulation of fluids in the interstitial tissue spaces and serous sacs
       • Edema and effusions
         • Push your finger into it and a depression remains (pitting)
       • Causes of Oedema
         • Increased Capillary hydrostatic pressure
         • Decreased colloid osmotic pressure
         • Increased capillary permeability
         • Lymphatic obstruction
         • Sodium and Water retention
       • Classification OF oedema
         • Localized Oedema
         • Generalized Oedema

4. Nephrotic syndrome

   • Pathogenesis
   • Signs and symptoms
     • Severe swelling (edema)
     • Foamy urine
     • Weight gain
     • Fatigue
     • Loss of appetite
   • Diabetic nephrotic syndrome
     • Chronic kidney failure
       • Manifests clinically by proteinuria OR nephrotic syndrome OR CRF

5. Investigations

   • Blood tests
     • Can be checked using blood test
   • Urine Tests
   • Imaging Tests
   • Kidney Biopsy

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