Chapter 1:

Chapter 1:

1. Earths Four Spheres

   • Biosphere
     • Includes all life
     • influences other three spheres
   • Atmosphere
   • Hydrospheres
     • Ocean- the most prominent feature of the hydrosphere
     • nearly 71% of Earth's Surfaces
     • nearly 97% of Earth's water
     • Also includes fresh water
   • Lithosphere
     • Earth's rigid outer layer
     • Solid Earth consists of
       • Crust
       • Core
         • Mantle
     • Lithosphere includes
       • Crust
       • Part of the upper mantle
     • Divisions of the Earths's surface
       • Continents
       • Ocean Basins

2. Earth Science

   • Encompasses all sciences that seek to understand
     • Earth
     • Earth's neighbors in space
   • Includes
     • Geology
       • Physical geology examines the materials composing Earth
       • Historical geology is the study of the origin and development of Earth
     • Oceanography
       • Not a separate and distinct science Oceanography integrates
         • Chemistry
         • Physics
         • Geology
         • Biology
         • Meteorology
         • Astronomy

3. Environmental Problems

   • Problems Include
     • Local, regional and global
     • Urban Air pollution
     • Human-induced and accentuated
     • Acid Rain
     • Ozone Depletion
     • Global Warming
     • Natural Hazards
     • Earthquakes
     • Landslides
     • Floods
     • Hurricanes

4. MInerals Versus Rocks

   • Definition of Minerals
     • Naturally Occurring
     • Inorganic
     • Solid
     • Have a definite chemical structure
   • Nearly 4000 known minerals
   • Rocks are aggregates of minerals

5. Composition and structure of minerals

   • Elements
     • Basic building blocks on minerals
     • Over 100 known
   • Atoms
     • Have all the characteristics of an element
     • Smallest particles of matter

6. Minerals

   • Properties of minerals
     • Luster
     • Color
     • Crystal Form
     • Hardness
     • Streak
     • Cleavage
     • fracture
   • Rock Forming Minerals
     • Iron
     • Calcium
     • Oxygen
     • Silicon
     • Aluminum
     • Sodium
     • Potassium
     • Magnesium