Vitamins

Vitamins

1. water-soluble

   • B2 (Riboflavin)
     • Function
       • coenzime for
         • macronutrients metabolism
         • cell respiration
         • Krebs cycle
         • glutathione reductase
     • FAD
     • Deficiency
       • ariboflavinosis
   • B3 (niacin)
     • Function
       • coenzime for
         • glycolysis
           • Krebs cycle
             • pentose phosphate pathway
               • deamination
                 • ethanol metabolism
     • Deficiency
       • Pellagra
     • NAD
   • B5 (pantothenic acid)
     • Function
       • Essential for
         • Acetyl CoA function
     • Deficiency
       • CNS degeneration
     • Coenzyme A
   • C (ascorbic acid)
     • Function
       • antioxidant
       • helps absorb iron
       • Promotes collagen synthesis
     • Humans cannot produce
       • for mutations on
         • gulonolactone oxidase
     • Deficiency
       • scurvy
   • B9 (folate)
     • Function
       • during pregnancy
         • prevent anemia
           • prevent (spina bifida)
       • blood cell formation
         • necessary for DNA/RNA synthesis
           • control levels of homocysteine
     • Deficiency
       • Neurological disorders
         • spina bifida
     • THF
   • B8 (biotin)
     • Function
       • Transfer CO2 groups
         • acetyl-CoA carboxylase
         • pyruvate carboxylase
         • propionyl-CoA carboxylase
         • methylcrotonyl-CoAcarboxylase
     • biotin
       • biocytin
         • carboxybiotin
           • active
         • food
   • B vitamins
     • roles as coenzymes
   • excess
     • is eliminated
       • through urine
   • “neurotropic” B vitamins
     • B1 (Thiamine)
       • Function
         • supplies energy
           • ATP or NADPH
     • B6 (pyridoxine)
       • Function
         • Metabolism of
           • amino acids
           • neurotransmitters
             • DNA / RNA
     • B12 (Cobalamin)
       • Function
         • Metabolism of
           • fatty acids
             • implicated on nervous system
           • myelin
           • amino acids
           • neurotransmitters
           • DNA / RNA
       • only animal origin

2. fat-soluble

   • A (retinol)
     • animal origin
       • retinol
     • vegetable origin
       • carotenoids
         • retinaldehyde
           • retinol
             • retinoic acid
             • bioavailable
         • β-carotene
           • 1/6 bioavailable
         • Other carotenes
           • 1/12 bioavailable
     • Functions
       • Cells differentiation
         • T and B cells
         • Eyes
       • Relation with transcription of specific genes
     • Deficiency
       • xerophtalmia
     • Test of
       • hepatic resources
     • RDA
       • 900 RE (men)
       • 700 RE (women)
   • D (calciferol)
     • principal function
       • Regulate plasmatic concentration
         • calcium
         • phosphate
     • diet origin
       • D2 (ergocalciferol)
     • synthesized
       • In the skin
         • with sunlight
           • D3(cholecalciferol)
     • Test of
       • 25-hydroxyvitamin D
         • measured in the serum
           • 20-30 ng/ml
     • Deficiency
       • osteomalacia
       • rickets
   • E (Tocopheral)
     • Active form
       • α-Tocopheral
     • Principal function
       • Antioxidant
     • high doses (800 mg)
       • inhibit platelet aggregation
     • Test of
       • serum alpha-tocopherol
     • RDA
       • 15 milligrams/ day
     • Deficiency
       • fat malabsorption
   • K(phylloquinone)
     • diet origin
       • K1 (phylloquinone)
     • synthesis of microorganisms
       • K2 (menoquinone)
     • Principal function
       • Activation
         • coagulation factor
           • I,II,VII,IX, C & S protein
     • RDA
       • 120 mcg (men)
       • 90 mcg (women)
       • 2 mcg (<6 months)
     • Test of
       • prothrombin time
     • Deficiency
       • Hemorrhages
         • inhibit platelet aggregation
     • Toxic
       • thrombus formation
   • reserves are in liver
   • toxic level
     • caused by
       • very high doses

3. are

   • organic chemical components
     • cannot be synthesize
       • by the human body

4. functions

   • maintenance
     • Normal metabolic activity