SHOULDER

SHOULDER

1. ANATOMY

   • BONES
   • MUSCLES
   • LIGAMENTS
     • connect bone to bone
   • BLOOD SUPPLY
     • Axillary artery & it's 3 parts
   • INNERVATIONS

2. COMMON INJURIES

   • Rotator cuff tear
     • the tendon no longer fully attaches to the head of the humerus, most commonly in the supraspinatus tendon
     • SPECIAL TEST: Neer-Hawkin's Impingement
       • positive test is most likely indicative of damage to the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle.
   • Frozen shoulder
     • the tissue around the shoulder joint becomes inflamed., then it gets tighter and shrinks, which causes pain
   • Strains (overuse)
   • Shoulder instability
   • Arthritis
   • TREATMENTS
     • MODERN
       • Tissue engineering
       • Arthroscopy
       • Targerted pain relief
     • Cryotherapy
     • Electrical modalities
     • Rehabilitation programs
     • Thermotherapy
     • Ultrasound

3. X-RAY

4. EXAMINATION (ABNORMALITY) TESTS

   • APLEY SCRATCH
     • a useful maneuver to assess shoulder range of motion, in this test, abduction and external rotation are measured
   • BELLY PRESS
     • used to isolate the subscapularis muscle, to test the subscapularis muscle for tear or dysfunction

5. RANGE OF MOTION

6. SWIMMER'S SHOULDER

   • a condition where swimmers often aggravate their shoulders while they swim due to the constant joint rotation.
   • PSYCHOLOGY OF PAIN
     • To treat pain effectively, you must address the physical, emotional and psychological aspects.
       • not coping
       • anxiety
       • financial concerns
       • relationship strains
       • medication worries

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