MAN-MADE STRUCTURES

MAN-MADE STRUCTURES

1. Massive structures and lintels

   • The first man-made structures were carved from rock or were built by stacking rocks or others materials

2. Triangular structures

   • These structures are made from bars, normally metal or wooden. The use of triangules shapes means they aren't easily deformed. This makes them ideal for building bridges, covered with large trusses and vertical structures.

3. Suspended structures

   • This type of structure uses cables, called suspenders which the structure hangs from. When they can be adjusted, they are called tension members. The cables only bear traction stress, but the advantage is that they can adapt their shape to different loads at different times and they are incredibly light

4. Spatial and geodesic

   • These are three-dimensional structures of bars, which combine the properties of vaults with triangulated structures to create curved shapes and cover large spaces
     • They consist of linear bars and nodes that connect them. They use triangles and tetrahedrons, the three-dimensional equivalent of triangles, because these shapes cannot be easily deformed

5. Laminated structures

   • These are formed by laminates of metal, plastic or composite material like reinforced concrete. Their curved shape and folds give them their strength
     • The curved shape makes the laminates bear the stress of traction and compression on their surface
     • The folds and ribs give rigidity in exact points

6. Pneumatic structures

   • Are light and easy to transport, set up an dismantle
   • Is used to constructions like field hospitals or funfair attractions

7. Vaulted structures

   • This are formed by arches and vaults using stones that are cut in such a way that the only stress the support is compression - no problem for hard stone

8. Reinforced concrete structures

   • Concrete led to major advances in construction because it could be made into any shapes. Concrete resist compression and with steel rebar frameworks it can also bear traction
     • Under the floor you are on there is a horizontal structure called slabs , which consist of small beams called joists and material in between them
       • The slabs transfer you weigth to the beams and then to the columns
         • The columns don't sit directly on the ground because they would sink. Between the columns and the ground are the foundations, which spreads out the weigth of the building and its load
           • Reinforced concrete can be used huge arches, bridge piers, plates and roofs, as well as pillars and beams in structures

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