Language Frameworks 1

Language Frameworks 1

1. Lexis

   • The vocabulary of the language
     • Affixation
       • Attaching a prefix or suffix to a word
     • Conversion
       • When a word changes its class
     • Compound Word
       • Putting two words together to make a brand new word
     • Colloquialism
       • Slang
     • Abbreviation
       • Shortening a word

2. Semantics

   • The meaning created with words and phrases
     • Similes
       • Comparisons using 'like' or 'as'
         • 'As sharp as razors'
     • Metaphors
       • Comparisons that don't use 'like' or 'as'
       • Describe something as if it actually is something else
         • 'He is a pig'
     • Personification
       • A type of metaphor
       • Gives an object or situation human qualities
         • 'The wind whistled'
     • Metonymy
       • Using a part of something to describe the whole thing
         • 'The Crown' instead of the Monarchy
     • Oxymoron
       • Brings two conflicting ideas together
         • 'Bittersweet'

3. Pragmatics

   • How social aspects affect people's language choices
     • Prosody
       • Pitch
       • Volume
       • Pace
       • Pauses
       • Intonation (tone)
       • Stress
       • Rythm
     • Politeness Strategies
       • Definite with a negative word
         • No/No way/Not a chance
       • Definite without a negative word
         • Are you serious?/I'd rather die
       • Excuse
         • I'd love to but...
       • Evasive
         • Can we talk about this later?
       • Apologetic
         • Sorry.../I'm afraid...
       • Inarticulate
         • Umm/Erm

4. Phonology

   • The study of sounds in language
     • Phonetics
       • The study of how speech sounds are made and recieved
     • Phonology
       • The study of the sound systems of languages and patterns of sounds
     • Phonemes
       • The smallest unit of sound
         • Combinations of these phonemes make up all the possible words and sounds in our language
       • Vowel Sounds
         • A,E,I,O,U
       • Consonant Sounds
         • B,C,D,F,G,H,I,J,K,L,M,N,P,Q,R,S,T,V,W,X,Y,Z
       • Syllables
         • A word's individual units of pronunciation
         • Polysyllabic words have more than one syllable
         • Monosyllabic words have one syllable
   • Ellision
     • When sounds are left out
       • Library >> 'Libry'
   • Assimilation
     • When sounds that are next to each other become more alike
       • Handbag >> 'Hambag'
   • Liaison
     • When a sound is inserted between words or syllables to help them run more smoothly
   • Phonological Frameworks
     • Rhythm
     • Rhyme
     • Alliteration
     • Assonance
     • Onomatopoeia