Hard Hearing

Hard Hearing

1. Ear Anatomy

   • External ear
   • Middle Ear
   • Inner Ear

2. Ear Physiology

   • Maintaining balance
   • Hearing process
   • hearing pathway
     • Hair cells in organ of Corti -> Bipolar cells in cochlear nucleus -> cochlear N -> trapezoid body -> superior olivary nucleus -> lateral lemniscus -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate body -> auditory radiation -> transverse temporal gyri

3. Differential Diagnosis

   • Mastoiditis
   • External ear infection
   • Foreign body impact
   • Perforation of tympanic membrane

4. Signs & symptoms

   • Ear Pain
   • Vertigo
   • ear discharge
   • Tinnitus

5. Investigations

   • Otoscope
   • Audiometry
   • Tuninig fork
     • Rinne's test
       • Conductive hearing loss
     • Weber's test
       • neurosensory hearing loss

6. Confirmed diagnosis

   • Otitis Media
     • Risk factors
       • Age : younger children has shorter eustachian canal
       • Family History
       • Craniofacial abnormalities
       • Altered immune status
       • Recurrent throat infections
     • Management
       • Use of antibiotic depend on patient factors
         • Severe infection signs
         • Age of patient
         • allergy to penicillin
         • IgA mediated reactions
     • Complications
       • meningitis
       • Brain abscesses
       • Permanent sensorineural hearing loss,
       • Mastoiditis

7. Epidemiology

   • OM is a very common childhood disease. It is especially prevalent in children younger than 2 years of age. Furthermore, the earlier the first episode of OM, the greater the risk of subsequent recurrent OM and chronic otitis media with effusion.

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