ENZYMES

ENZYMES

1. Collision theory

   • All atoms, ions and molecules are continuously moving and therefore continuously colliding each.
   • activation energy
   • reaction rate

2. Metabolism

   • sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism.
   • Catabolism
     • destruction
   • Anabolism
     • building
   • metabolic pathways

3. Enzymes

   • catalysts
     • substrate
       • enzyme–substrate complex
         • temporary binding of enzyme and reagents allows make collisions more effective and reduce the energy of reaction activation
         • turnover number
           • maximum number of substrate molecules an enzyme molecule converts to product each second
     • Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without being altered permanently
   • accelerate biochemical reactions at a temperature that is compatible with normal cell function.
   • Components
     • apoenzyme
       • cofactor
         • coenzyme
           • holoenzyme
             • apoenzyme and cofactor form a
           • If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called
           • NAD
             • FAD
               • COA
         • non-protein component
       • protein portion
   • Oxidoreductase
     • Transferase
       • Hydrolase
         • lyase
           • Isomerase
             • Ligase

4. Mechanism of enzyme action

   • Active site
     • Enzyme–substrate complex.
       • Rearrangement
         • Release
           • The unchanged enzyme is now free to react with other substrate molecules.

5. Factors influencing enzymatic Activity

   • Temperature
     • PH
       • Substrate concentration
         • Inhibitors
           • Competitive inhibitors
             • Fill the active site of an enzyme.
           • Noncompetitive inhibitors
             • Don't complete the substrate for the enzyme's active site.
         • Is a maximum rate at wich a certain amcunt of enzyme can catalize.
       • Most enzymes have an optimum PH at wich their activity is characteristically maximal.
     • The rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases.
   • Ribozymes
     • Reserches working on cicrobes descovered.
   • Oxidation-reduction
     • OXIDATION
       • lose electrons
     • REDUCTION
       • gain electrons

6. Energy production

   • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
   • the generation of AtP
     • substrate-Level Phosphorylation
     • Oxidative Phosphorylation
     • Photophosphorylation

7. Metabolic pathways

   • carbohydrates
     • glycolysis
       • glucose-pyruvate
       • fermentation of lactic acid
         • Streptococcus and Lactobacillus
           • BACTERIA
   • metabolic pathways of energy use
     • Lipid biosynthesis
       • glycerol and fatty acids
     • Polysaccharide biosynthesis
       • sugars and polysaccharides
     • Amino Acid and Protein biosynthesis
       • protein biosynthesis
     • Purine and Pyrimidine biosynthesis
       • nucleotides

8. Cellular Respiration

   • Aerobic
     • the krebs Cycle
       • electrons in the chain electron transport generate about 34 ATP molecules from of each oxidized glucose molecule
   • Anaerobic
     • In anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is a inorganic substance other than oxygen (O2).

9. Fermentation

   • releases energy from sugars or other organic molecules
     • does not require oxygen
       • does not require the use of the Krebs cycle or a transport chain of electrons
         • uses an organic molecule as final electron acceptor
           • produces only small amounts of ATP

10. Photosynthesis

    • synthesize complex organic compounds from simple inorganic substances.
    • Photophosphorylation
      • one of the three ways ATP is formed and occurs only in photosynthetic cells
    • the Calvin-benson Cycle
      • The light-independent (dark) reactions are so named because they do not require light directly.
    • energy source organisms
      • light
        • Phototrophs
          • Photoheterotrophs
            • Organic compounds
          • Photoautotrophs
            • CO2
      • chemical
        • Chemotrophs
          • chemoheterotrophs
            • Organic compounds
          • Chemoautotrophs
            • CO 2

11. UNIVERSIDAD POPULAR AUTONOMA DEL ESTADO DE PUEBLA

    • FERNANDA SALADO PERIAÑEZ
      • MICROBIOLOGY
        • MARTINEZ,I.(2022).MICROBIALMETABOLISM. file:///C:/Users/FERNANDA/Downloads/CAP%205.en.es%20(2)%20(1).pdf