1. kafli

1. kafli

1. According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on human development, we cannot understand development without examining the settings, or context, in which it occurs

   • Although the fundamental biological, cognitive and social changes of adolescence are universal, their effect depends on the context in which they take place
   • The immediate, or proximal, contexts of adolescent development are the family, the peer group, school, and work and leisure settings, including mass media and the Internet.
   • What takes place in these immediate settings is influenced by the broader context in which they are contained, including the community, the culture and the historical era in which people grow up.

2. The study of adolescence draws on different disciplines. including psychology, biology, sociology, anthropology and education

   • Adolescence comes from the Greek word meaning "to grow into adulthood"
   • There is no single accepted way to define the beginning or end of adolescence - it has different boundaries depending on how one chooses to define the period.
   • Most social scientists distinguish among three stages of adolescence
     • Early 10 - 13 Middle 14 - 17 Late 18 - 21
   • Some writers have suggested that a new phase of life, called "emerging adulthood" now characterizes the early and mid 20's

3. The three features of adolescence that make the period unique are called the "fundamental changes of adolescence"

   • Biological and involves the physical changes of puberty
   • Cognitive involves changes in thinking abilities and in the brain that underlie these changes
   • Social involves changes in the way that society defines the individual

4. Five main psychosocial issues are especially important in adolescence.

   • Identity/samsemd:
     • involves changes in the ways individuals see, evaluate, and think about themselves
   • Autonomy/sjálfstæði:
     • Involves the development of emotional, behavioural, and moral independence
   • Intimacy/nánd
     • Involves the development of the ability to form close and satisfying relationships with others
   • Sexuality/kynvitund
     • Involves the development of the ability to express sexual feelings and enjoy physical contact with others
   • Achievement/afrek
     • Involves the development of beliefs and abilities that permit one to be a competent and successful member of society
   • Some individuals experience psychological problems during adolescence, although the majority of individuals move through the period without serious difficulties
     • Depression/þunglyndi
     • Delinquency/afbrotahegðun
     • Substance abuse/notkun fíkniefna

5. Adolescents are one of the most stereotyped groups in society

   • Many stereotypes about adolescence are excessively negative, portraying teenagers as sex-crazed, foolish, irresponsible, difficult or troubled.
     • Rannsóknir sýna annað
     • Ephebephobia: ofsahræðsla gagnvart unglingum. Raunverulegt hugtak.