INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL DIVERSITY

INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL DIVERSITY

1. STRUCTURE AND SPECIALIZATION

   • Nervous tissue and muscle tissue
   • Multicellular
   • Heterotroph (ingest food)
   • Cells lack cell wall
   • Bodies held together (collagen)

2. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

   • Have one larval stage
   • Hox genes
     • Regulate development body form
     • Produce wide diversity of animal morphology
   • Zygote undergoes rapid development called as clevage
   • Reproduce sexually
   • Diploid stage dominate life cycle
   • Larva
     • Sexually immature
     • Distinct from adult

3. HISTORY OF LIFE SPAN

   • 2. PALEOZOIC ERA
     • Cambrian explosion
       • Cause by
         • Prey-predator relationship
         • Rise in level of atmospheric oxygen
         • Hox genes evolution
       • Earliest fossil animal
     • 542-251 million years ago
   • 3. MESOZOIC ERA
     • First mammals emerged
     • Dinosaurs were dominant terrestrial vertebrates
     • 252-65.5 million years ago
     • Coral reefs emerged
       • Important marine ecological niches
   • 4. CENOZOIC ERA
     • Mass extinction (land and aquatic)
     • Insect diversified
     • Modern mammals orders
     • 65.5 million years ago - present
     • Global climate cooled
   • 1. NEOPROTEROZOIC ERA
     • 1 billion - 542 million years ago

4. BODY PLAN

   • To categories animals
   • SYMMETRY
     • Radial
       • Often sessile or planktonic (drifting or weakly swimming)
       • No front and back, or left and right
     • Bilateral
       • Two sided symmetry
       • Characteristic
         • Cephalization, the development of a head
         • A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
         • Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) end
         • A right and left side
       • Move actively and have a central nervous system
   • TISSUE
     • Diploblastic animals
       • Ectoderm
         • Germ layer covering the embryo’s surface
       • Endoderm
         • Innermost germ layer and lines the developing digestive tube, called the archenteron
     • Triploblastic animals
       • + Mesoderm
       • Three germ layers
       • Include all bilaterians
   • CAVITIES
     • Coelomates
     • Acolomates
     • Pseudocoelomates
   • A grade is a group whose members share key biological features

5. CLEAVAGE

   • Deuterostrome
     • Cleavage is radial and indeterminate
   • Protostrome
     • Cleavage is spiral and determinate

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