C2 Chemistry

C2 Chemistry

1. The Earth has a iron core surrounded y the mantle

   • On the outside there is a thick rocky crust
   • Crust and upper mantle- lithospheres.

2. Wegener's theory: The continental drift

   • The Earth's continents were once joined together. The mantle under the plates moves a few cm every year
   • Similar fossils and rocks near eachother

3. Plate boundaries

   • Constructive- when two plates move beside each other slowly. they can get stuck and suddenly move. This can cause an earthquake.
   • Destructive- the plates move towards each other. Ocean goes under continental. Oceanic melts- magma. Magma rises and forms volcano.

4. Rhyolite= silica-rich. Basalt= iron-rich.

5. Granite= igneous. Marble= metamorphic. Limestone= sedimentary

6. Quaryying- extracting stone from the ground

   • Adv- jobs, building material
   • Disadv- dust, dirt, lorries&noise

7. Mortar= cement+sand+water. Cement= limestone heated with clay. Concrete= cement+sand+aggregate+water

8. Reinforced concrete= concrete with steel rods to prevent stretching under tension.

9. Copper ore

   • Copper oxide
     • add charcoal and heat
       • Impure copper
         • make the anode
           • pure CU for cathode
             • Pure copper forms at cathode

10. Alloys- Mixtures containing one or more metals

    • Brass= Copper and zinc
      • Used in coins and instruments.

11. rusting needs iron, water and oxygen. Rust= Hydrated iron oxide.

    • Iron+oxygen+water= Hydrated iron 0xide.
    • Aluminium doesn't corrode.
      • When exposed to air, it reacts with oxygen in the air to form a thin layer of aluminium oxide, which 'protects' the metal from corroding.

12. The Haber process

    • Pressure (200 atmospheres). Tempurature (450c). Iron catalyst. Recycling system
    • Makes ammonia from air and hydrogen that comes from cracking oil/gas.

13. Acids= pH of 1-6 - red. Alkalis= pH of 8-14 - purple. Neutral= pH of 7 - green.

14. Alkali- Soluble base.

    • Neutralisation= acid+base--->salt+water

15. Acid= H+ ions, pH determines concentration of H+ ions.

16. Acid+carbonate--->salt+water+Co2.

    • Acid+metal--->salt+hydrogen
      • Acid+oxide--->salt+water
        • Acid+hydroxide--->salt+water

17. Plants

    • Eutrophication
      • fertiliser goes in water
        • males algae grow
          • sun can't reach plants
            • water plants don't photosynthesise.
              • Plants die
                • Fish die
                  • Aerobic bact. uses up oxygen in water.
    • nitrogen, phosphorus and potassim= essential minerals for plants.
    • fertilisers increase crop yield by providing and replacing essential minerals

18. electronisis of salt= chlorine and hydrogen

19. Chlorine

    • sterilises drinking water
    • makes bleach, solvents and plastics

20. Anode 2Cl- --->Cl2+2e-

    • Cathode 2H+ +2e- --->H2