Physics

Physics

1. particle model

   • solids
     • fixed pattern
     • cant be poured
     • particles cant flow over eachother
     • cant change shape
     • all particles are touching
     • No free space
   • liquids
     • particles flow over eachother
     • no fixed pattern
     • a little bit of free space
     • can change shape
     • can be poured
     • 75% of particles are touching
   • gasses
     • no particles are connected/touching
     • can change/fill any shape
     • more free space than particles
     • can be pored technically but they the air so they float
     • particles can flow over eachother
     • no fixed pattern

2. Specific Latent Heat

   • vaporisation
     • how to boil 1kg of the substance without changing its temperature
   • fusion
     • how to melt 1kg of the substance without changing its temperature

3. Density

   • If an object sinks it is because the volume, mass or weight of the object pushing down is more than the volume, mass or weight pushing up.
   • If an object floats it is because the volume, mass or weight of the object pushing down is less than the volume, mass or weight pushing up

4. Equations

   • Kinetic = 1/2 x mass x velocity2
   • Work done = force x distance
   • Gpe = mass x 10 x height
   • Power = work done/time
   • Epe = 1/2 x spring constant x extention2

5. Fuels

   • Non-renewable
     • Fossil fuels
       • Coal
       • Natural gasses
       • Oil
         • All get burned to heat up things to power things
           • Fossil fuels are a highly compressed, ancient once living matter. A very concentrated form of chemical energy. Can be used for heating, transport and generating electricity.
   • Renewable
     • Bio-fuel
       • The chemical energy stored in living organisms can be used for heating, transport and generating electricity.
     • Geo-thermal
       • Deep underground the earths rocks are naturally very hot due to radio-activity decay. We can turn their thermal energy into electricity.
     • The sun
       • The earth gets heat and light from the sun all the time.
     • Wave capture
       • The wind blowing on the water makes waves. These waves have kinetic energy. Using machines that bob up and down in the waves, this energy can be turned into electricity which we can use in our homes.
     • Neuclear
       • Uranium-235 is the fuel that is used to power neuclear fuel. No harmful gasses are produced, but it produces harmful radiation waste.
     • Hydro-electric
       • Energy from rivers. The sun powers the water cycle and HEP uses water falling under gravity to turn turbines, to make electricity.