Leila has a pain in the arm

Leila has a pain in the arm

1. pain

   • physiology of pain
     • nociceptor
   • pain suppression system
     • The capability of the brain itself to suppress input of pain signals to the nervous system by activating a pain control system 3 major components: 1) The periaqueductal gray and periventricular areas of the mesencephalon and upper pons. (2) the raphe magnus nucleus. (3) a pain inhibitory complex located in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
   • factors modifying perception of pain
     • -biological: sex, genetics & number of nociceptors. -psychological: fear of pain, depression, emotional stress.-social components: Person’s beliefs, attitudes or expectations.
   • Dermatomes
   • management
     • pharmacological
       • NSAIDS
         • MoA: Inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes
       • OPIODS
       • Antiviral Drugs: Acyclovir
     • non-pharmacological
       • -Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation (TENS) -Cognitive and behavioral therapy -Heat and cold –REST- Physical and occupational therapy -Psychotherapy -Lifestyle changes
   • peripheral neuropathy
     • nerves of the PNS have been damaged because of 1-herpes viruses:VSZ , 2-Bacteria, 3-Autoimmune
     • varicella zoster virus that cause "shingles"
       • mechanism of spread
       • signs & symptoms
         • Pain, burning, numbness or tingling -Sensitivity to touch.- A red rash that begins a few days after the pain -Fluid-filled blisters that break open and crust over Itching Fever -Headache.- Sensitivity to light .-Fatigue
       • clinical diagnosis
       • complications
         • -Allodynia.- Hyperalgesia.- Constant / intermittent burning, aching, throbbing, stabbing or shooting pain
       • vaccination
   • Alternative Treatments
     • Mind- body therapies-acupuncture

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