Fatima's soft bones

Fatima's soft bones

1. causes of bone pain

   • osteoporosis
     • increased porosity of the skeleton and increased bone fragility due to reduction in bone mass
     • Localized osteoporosis:
     • Generalized osteoporosis:
       • whole skeleton is affected
     • asymptomatic until skeletal fragility is advanced, then bone pain, loss in height and instability of vertebral column occurs.
     • Loss of height
       • A bone fracture after a minor injury such as a fall
         • Vertebral fractures
         • hip fractures
           • complications of hip fractures
             • Blood clots
             • Pneumonia
             • Post-operative infection
             • Non-union
             • treatment
               • arthroplasty
           • types
     • persistent back pain
     • bent forward (stooping) posture
     • investigations
       • electrolyte test
         • blood sugar test
           • complete blood count
           • thyroid hormone test
       • screening tests
         • radiology
     • Management
       • Pharmacological
       • hormone Replacement Therapy
         • preserves bone mineral density
         • increase bone density
       • nutrition
         • vitamin D
         • calcium
       • physiotherapy
   • rickets malacia
   • hypercalcemia
   • bone tumor
   • paget's disease
   • osteomyelitis

2. Anatomy of hip joint and femoral region

   • physical examination of the hip
     • Position (deformity)
     • limited ROM
       • trendelberg & thomas tests
     • shape, colour & swellings
     • temperature & bony landmarks

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