faisal works in his garden

faisal works in his garden

1. Anatomy of the heart

   • gross anatomy
     • Apex
     • Base
     • Four borders
       • Upper
       • Left
       • lower
       • right
     • Four surfaces
       • diaphragmatic
       • Sternocostal
       • left
       • right
   • internal structures
   • pericardium
   • Surface Anatomy

2. heart physiology

   • The passage of blood through the heart
     • De-oxygenated blood-> right atrium-> right ventricle-> pulmonary circulation-> left atrium-> left ventricle-> aorta and systemic circulation
   • Cardiac Conduction System
     • SA node-> myocardium of atriums-> AV node-> bundle of His-> Bundle branches-> The Purkinje fibres
   • Excitation-Contraction Coupling

3. Blood Supply to the Heart

4. Pressure Gradients in cvs

5. heart sounds

   • S1
     • Mitral and Tricuspid valve closure
   • S2
     • Aortic and Pulmonary valve closure
   • S3
     • Rapid inflow of blood into normal LV.
   • S4
     • Atrial contraction to non-compliant ventricle (hypertrophy)
   • murmur

6. Dizziness

   • types
     • Vertigo
     • Disequilibrium
     • Presyncope
     • Lightheadedness
   • causes
     • Endocrine
     • Cardiovascular
     • Neurological

7. Chest Pain

   • Heart Problems
   • Lung Problems
   • GI Problems

8. Investigations

   • ECG
   • Echocardiogram
   • Chest X-ray
   • Exercise tests or stress tests
   • CT scan
   • Cardiac catheterization

9. Aortic Stenosis

   • Causes
     • Genetics
     • Calcification of the valves with age
     • Rheumatic fever
       • Jones Criteria
       • treatment
         • Step I - primary prevention
         • Step II - anti inflammatory treatment
         • Step III- supportive management & management of complications
         • Step IV- secondary prevention (prevention of recurrent attacks)
   • Hemodynamic Consequences
   • Valve replacement
     • Types of valves
       • mechanical
       • biological
     • Prognosis

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