faisal works in his garden

faisal works in his garden

1. heart

   • anatomy
     • surface anatomy
       • pericardium
         • fibrous
         • serous
           • visceral
           • parietal
     • apex=LV, base=LA=ra
       • borders, upper 2xA, lower RV=lv, Left LV=L.auricle, right RA
   • physiology
     • AP & Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Muscle
       • AP in cardiac M.cell
         • travel in T tubules
           • +entry of Ca2+ from ECF
             • release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
             • + cytosolic Ca2+
               • troponin-tropomyosin complex in thin filaments pulled aside
                 • cross-bridge cycling between thick and thin filaments
                   • thin filaments slide inward between thick filaments
                     • contraction
     • sounds
       • S1=M+tri close
         • S2=A+P V. close
           • S3=rapid inflow in LV
             • S4=Atrial con. to non-complaint V.
   • murmurs
     • Early systolic
       • acute+severe MR, septal defect, TriR
     • Midsystolic
     • Pansystolic
     • Diastolic
   • aortic stenosis

2. dizziness

   • vertigo
     • spinning
   • disequilibrium
     • off-balance
   • presyncope
     • blacking out
   • lightheadedness
     • disconnected

3. investigations

   • ECG
     • echocardiogram
       • X-ray
         • CT-scan
           • important for AS to see calcification
           • cardiac cath.

4. rheumatic fever

   • JONES
   • treatment

5. valve replacement

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