ATTENTION & PERCEPTION CONT

ATTENTION & PERCEPTION CONT

1. SECTION 3 - THEORIES OF PERCEPTION

   • 3 THEORIES
     • GREGORY
       • CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
         • TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
           • BUILD PERCEPTION OF WORLD FROM INCOMPLETE INFO
             • USING PREVIOUSLY STORED KNOWLEDGE
               • TO INTERPRET SENSORY INFO INCOMING
                 • AND MAKE SENSE OF IT
                   • COMBINING IT WITH WHAT THEY KNOW
                     • FORMING HYPOTHESIS OF WHAT THEY ARE PERCEIVING
       • EG -HOW ILLUSIONS ARE SEEN
         • COW PICTURE CANNOT SEE SOMETHING ELSE
     • GIBSON
       • CONTRASTING/OPPOSITES
         • EYSENCK
           • PERCEPTION DEPENDS ON BOTH
             • TOP DOWN & BOTTOM UP
               • HOW DO THESE PROCESSES INFLUENCE PERCEPTION
                 • EVALUATE IMPORTANCE OF THE 2 KINDS OF PROCESSING
           • ANSWER = PRIMARY FACTOR - INFORMATION COMING FROM SENSES
             • WHEN EITHER OR BOTH ARE DEFICIENT - TOP DOWN PROCESSING TAKES PRESIDENCE
               • TOP DOWN - INFORMATION ALREADY STORED - HOW YOU PERCEIVE IT PREVIOUSLY
                 • IS HOW YOU WILL REFER TO IT
                   • AS AMOUNT OF INFO INCREASES TOP DOWN LESS INFLUENCIAL
                     • FAMILIARITY PLAYS A PART - MORE FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENT
                       • LESS NEED FOR LARGE AMOUNTS OF TOP-DOWN & ATTENTION
                         • LOOKED BUT FAILED TO SEE ACCIDENTS
                           • WHEN DRIVERS DRIVE INTO SOMETHING BUT CLAIM DID NOT SEE IT.
                             • THING DRIVEN INTO NOT OBVIOUS NOT EXPECTING IT TO BE THERE.
                               • IE ROUTE TO WORK - SOMETHING CHANGES, DO NOT LOOK FOR IT.. CYCLIST
       • DIRECT PERCEPTION
         • BOTTOM UP PROCESSING
           • WE DONT USE STORED KNOWLEDGE AT ALL
           • SENSORY INFORMATION IS ENOUGH
       • BRUCE
         • LIZZARD + FLY
           • LIZZARD ONLY KNOWS SENSORY INFO ABOUT FLY NOTHING MORE
             • AND CAN CATCH FLY - NEEDS NO PREVIOUS INFO ABOUT FLY
     • PHENOMENOLOGISTS
       • INVOLVED WITH FEELINGS & INDIVIDUALS PERCEPTION OF THE WORLD
         • CONCERN THEMSELF WITH - OUR UNIQUE EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD
           • HOW WE VIEW IT DUE TO WHO WE ARE, PAST AND PRESENT
             • WHAT IT FEELS LIKE AND WHAT IT MEANS TO YOU
               • CALLED - EXPERIENCE OF PERCEPTION
                 • HAPPENS BY - KNOWLEDGE & EXPERIENCE OF A SITUATION OR OBJECT
                   • AND EVERYONE IS DIFFERENT DUE TO PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
                     • EG CUBE - CHILD SEES BUILDING BLOCK - GAMBLER SEES WEALTH, FACE NUMBER OF DICE
                     • EXAMPLE CANDLESTICK
                       • WE CAN SEE THINGS EITHER WAY IE CANDLESTICK + BACKGROUND OR FACE + BACKGROUND
                         • WE WILL CHOOSE WHICH IS MORE RELEVANT TO US AND VIEW IT THAT WAY
                           • BUT WE CAN SEE BOTH PICTURES/VISIONS
       • HUSSERL
         • GERMAN DUDE
           • TOP DOWN PROCESSING AFFECTS PERCEPTION IN A RICHER WAY THAN GREGORY BELIEVES
     • TOP DOWN ---------------BOTTOM UP
       • PHENOMENOLOGY----CONSTRUCTIVISM---DIRECT PERCEPTION
     • GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY - PART OF PHENOMENOLOGISTS
       • USE OWN KNOWLEDGE OF SUBSECTIONS TO COMPLETE PICTIURE
         • WHOLE IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS
           • EG SPIDER IN THE WILDERNESS - IMPORTANT TO NOTICE THE OBJECT
             • AS COULD BE PREDATOR OR PREY = CAMOUFLAGED
               • WOULD BE IMPORTANT FOR ANCESTORS!!
   • FOCUS ON PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES

2. SECTION 4 - EVERYDAY COGNITIVE PROCESSES

   • SABEY & STAUGHTON
     • LOOK BUT FAIL TO SEE ACCIDENTS
       • EG ...NORMAL ROUTE.. STRANGE OBJECT OR DIFFERENT SITUATION
   • COLE & HUGHES
     • SENSORY CONSPICUITY = PROPERTIES OF AN OBJECT EG SHAPE, COLOUR & BRIGHTNESS
       • MAY NOT ALWAYS BE ENOUGH FOR US TO DETECT THEM AND PERCEIVE THEM
     • ATTENTION CONSPICUITY = HOW LIKELY AN OBJECT IS TO DRAW ATTECTION TO ITSELF
       • EFFECTED BY YOUR OWN EXPECTATIONS.. IF YOU EXPECT TO SEE A MOTORCYCLIST YOUR MORE LIKELY TO NOTICE ONE
   • LANGHAM ET AL
     • SURVEY & QUASI-EXPERIMENT
       • STATIONARY POLICE CARS FITTED WITH SENSORY ENHANCERS... SIRENS, REFLECTIVE MATERIAL, FLASHING LIGHTS ETC
         • ARE SOMETIMES HIT BY DRIVERS WHO FAIL TO SEE THEM
           • HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF TOP DOWN PROCESSING & AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
             • IE = WHATS ALREADY BEEN EXPERIENCED IN THE PASSED AND WE PRESUME WILL BE.