TRANSLATION

Procedures
1. Translation procedures are methods applied by translators when they formulate an equivalence for the purpose of transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT).
  1. Jean Delisle, 1999
    1. WORD-FOR-WORD TRANSLATION (CLOSE TRANSLATION)
    2. ONE-TO-ONE TRANSLATION (CLOSE TRANSLATION)
    3. LITERAL TRANSLATION (CLOSE TRANSLATION)
    4. THROUGH-TRANSLATION <CALQUE>
    5. TRANSFERENCE, <BORROWING
    6. NATURALISTATION, <DIRECT TRANSFER>
Strategies
1. A strategy is a planned, deliberate, goal-oriented procedure achieved with a sequence of steps subject to monitoring and modification (Curriculum Learning Literate-Futures Glossary, n. d.)
2. According to Chesterman (1997)
  1. Syntactic strategies
    1. Literal translation and Loan translation
    2. Transposition Unit shift
    3. Paraphrase structure change Clause structure change
    4. Sentence structure change Cohesion change
    5. Level shift Scheme change
  2. Semantic strategies
    1. Synonymy
      1. The translator selects the closest synonym
    2. Antonymy
      1. The translator uses a word with the opposite meaning
    3. Hyponymy
      1. using a member of larger category
    4. Converses
      1. Refers to pairs of opposites expressing similar semantic relationships
  3. Pragmatic strategies
    1. Cultural filtering
      1. Used while translating culture-bound items.
    2. Explicitness change
      1. Some information of the source text maybe added
    3. Information change
      1. The changed information is NOT implicit in the source language text
    4. Interpersonal change
      1. Used to affect the whole style of the text to make it more or less informed
Methods
1. Newmark (1988)
  1. He writes that, translation methods relate to whole texts.
    1. Word-for-word translation:
    2. Literal translation
    3. Faithful translation
    4. Semantic translation
    5. Adaptation
    6. Free translation
    7. Idiomatic translation
    8. Communicative translation
Techniques
1. They are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language
  1. Direct Translation Techniques
    1. Are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language
      1. Borrowing
      2. Calque
      3. Literal Translation
  2. Oblique Translation Techniques
    1. Transposition
    2. Modulation
    3. Reformulation or Equivalence
    4. Adaptation
    5. Compensation
    6. Are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated

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