The arm

The arm

1. Anatomy of the arm

   • Bones
     • Humerus
     • Ulna and Radius
     • Elbow joint
   • Muscles
     • Compartments of the arm
       • Biceps
         • Origin
           • Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Short head: Tip of the coracoid process
         • Insertion
           • Radial Tuberosity
         • Action
           • Supination Flexion
       • Corachobrachialis
         • Action
           • Flexion Abduction
         • Insertion
           • Medial border of the humerus
         • Origin
           • Short head: Tip of the coracoid process
       • Brachialis
         • Origin
           • Lower half of the front humerus Lateral and medial intermuscular septa
         • Action
           • Flexion of the elbow
         • Insertion
           • Ulnar tuberosity
       • triceps
         • Origin
           • Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Lateral head: Upper half of the shaft of the humerus (above the spiral groove) Medial head: Lower half of the shaft of the humerus (below the spiral groove)
         • Insertion
           • The three heads of the muscle fuse in the olecranon process of the ulna
         • Action
           • Extension of the elbow
   • Blood vessels and nerves of the arm

2. Histology of the bones

   • bone tissue is formed of
     • Periosteum
       • layer of non-calcified C.T. membrane
     • Bone matrix
       • Organic part
         • example:
           • Glycosaminoglycans
           • Collagen fibres
       • Inorganic part
     • Bone cells
       • Osteoprogenitor cells
       • Osteoblasts
       • Osteocytes
       • Osteoclasts
   • Structure of the long bone

3. Common injuries of the arm

   • Acute injuries
     • Bruises Sprain; injuries to the ligaments Injuries to tendons Pulled muscles (strains)
   • Overuse injuries
     • Bursitis Tendinitis Stress fractures Pressures on nerve in the arm, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

4. patterns of fracture

   • Types of fracture
     • Open fracture
     • Closed fracture

5. First aid

   • RICE principle
     • rest
     • Ice
     • Compression
     • RICE principle

6. Clinical Presentation Of A Broken Arm

   • Swelling
   • Pain
   • Deformity
   • immobility

7. Management of fractures

   • backslab splint
   • cast
   • splint
   • bandage
   • surgery

8. Bone healing

   • What you need: • Adequate blood supply • Adequate mechanical stability
   • Stages include:
     • Inflammation Repair Remodelling

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