A hot summer's Night - Acute Renal Failure

A hot summer's Night - Acute Renal Failure

1. Anatomy and histology of the nephron

2. Physiology of the nephron

   • Pathology of kidney failure
     • Acute
     • chronic
       • Hypertension
       • Diabetes
       • Other kidney diseases like polycystitis
       • Acute renal failure
       • Hypertension
     • SIgns and Symptoms & Manifestations
       • Sodium and water balance
         • because kidney produces erythropoietin
           • Osteodystrophy
             • Shortness of breath
               • due to increased level of urea
           • Maintains calcium homeostasis
         • Potassium balance
           • Anemia
     • Investigations
       • Blood tests
         • CBC
         • Blood electrolyte
       • Ultrasonography
         • CT scan with contrast
       • Management
         • Take history and do a physical examination
           • Perform general investigations including electrolyte counts and then specific investigations if diagnosis is not established
             • Supportive management mainly for kidney failure
               • Dialysis
         • Diuretics
           • Osmotic agents
             • Loop agents
               • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
                 • thiazides
                   • Potassium Sparing
   • Urine is a waste byproduct formed from excess water and metabolic waste molecules during the process of renal system filtration

3. Incidents in car accidents

   • Lateral impact Rear end impact
   • Fractured ribs
   • Internal bleeding
   • Brain bleeding
   • Pneumothorax, hemothorax, cardiac tamponade
   • Liver torn open- severe bleeding
   • KIDNEY DAMAGE
   • residents of UAE are 7 times more likely to die in car accident compared to those in UK
     • strategies to reduce this number
       • increase the valid age to 21 years old
         • Educate people at school
           • Black Dots systems

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