Paraphasias

Paraphasias

1. Lexical

   • Semantic
     • This is the most common type of lexical paraphasia.
       • Ex) "knife" for "fork"
       • (Beard, 2018)
     • The substitution of a whole word that is related by meaning to the target word.
     • Hypoperfusion and/or infarct in the left superior temporal lobe and left posterior middle temporal lobe.
   • Formal
     • These are word errors that are phonologically similar to the intended target, but have no association in meaning.
       • Ex.) "rabbit" for "rapid"
       • (Coppens & Patterson, 2018)
     • Commonly related to neologisms which are nonword errors that are phonologically related to the target.
   • Mixed
     • These are errors that are semantically and phonologically related to the target. It is thought to be a result from the influence of semantic and phonological activation of the word during production.
       • Ex.) "bat" for "hat"
       • Semantic, formal, phonemic, mixed, and or neologistic errors may be present in any type of aphasia; however, there are types for which certain paraphasias are more common.
         • Conduction aphasia- phonemic paraphasic erros
         • Wernicke's aphasia may produce semantic and phonemic paraphasias.
           • (McCaffrey, 2011)
         • (Coppens & Patterson, 2018)
           • VIDEO
             • https://www.stroke.org.uk/what-is-stroke/what-is-aphasia/aphasia-and-its-effects
             • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGyOKItHS9Y
         • (Coppens & Patterson, 2018)
     • Hypoperfusion and/or infarct in the left frontotemporal cortex.
   • Hypoperfusion and/or infarcts in the left inferior temporal gyrus.

2. Sublexical

   • Phonemic
     • Word and nonword naming errors that share some phonemic features with the target.
       • Ex.) "lelophone" for "telephone"
       • Occur primarily in content words and follow phonotactic constraints
       • The phonemes involved are part of the speakers language
         • (Coppens & Patterson, 2018)
       • Errors maintain their structural position in the word
         • Ex.) vowels move to vocalic positions.
       • (Beard, 2018)
   • Neologisms
     • Nonword errors that may or may not share phonemic features with the target.
     • These occur more frequently when the target is a low frequency word.
       • (Beard, 2018)
   • Unrelated errors
     • These are real words which are neither semantically nor phonemically related to the target word.
       • Ex.) "chair" for "cat"
       • (Beard, 2018)

3. Phonemic

   • Impairment to the language system.
     • (Beard, 2018)
   • Includes a slow rate of speech, sound distortions, prosodic abnormalities, distorted sound substitutions, and consistent type.
   • Sound substitutions and consistent location in the word.