Passing Dark Colored Urine

Passing Dark Colored Urine

1. due to Hematuria

   • Investigations
     • Urine Cytology
       • Cystometry
         • Urinalysis
           • Urine Culture
             • Urine Tumor Markers
               • Cystoscopy
             • culture sensitivity test: Helps to find the right anti-biotic to kill an infecting organism. This test determines the sensitivity of a colony of bacteria to an antibiotic.
       • Schistosoma
         • Life cycle
         • Pathogenesis
           • S. haematobium-
             • Painless terminal haematuria
           • S. mansoni & S. japonicum-
             • bloody diarrhea
             • abdominal pain
         • Diagnosis
           • Biopsy
           • ELISA
           • Microscopy
         • Treatment
           • Praziquantel
         • Bladder cancer
           • signs and symptoms
             • Blood or blood clots in the urine.
             • Pain or burning sensation during urination
             • Feeling the need to urinate many times throughout the night.
           • Staging
           • Risk Factors
             • Smoking
             • Increasing age
             • Exposure to certain chemicals
             • Previous cancer treatment
             • Chronic bladder inflammation
             • Personal or family history of cancer
             • Treatment
               • Urinary diversion
                 • Nephrostomy
                   • Urostomy
                     • Neobladder-to-urethra Diversion
               • Prognosis & Follow ups
                 • Epidemiology
                   • Globally, in 2010, bladder cancer resulted in 170,000 deaths up from 114,000 in 1990.[52] This is an increase of 19.4%, adjusted for increase in total world population
                   • Ninth most common malignancy worldwide
                 • The 5-year relative survival rate is about 77%
                   • The stage of the cancer (whether it is superficial or invasive bladder cancer, and whether it has spread to other places in the body). Bladder cancer in the early stages can often be cured
                 • regular physical examinations, medical tests, or both
         • leads to
       • is most helpful in diagnosing high-grade tumors and carcinoma in situ
     • History Taking
     • Imaging
       • KUB xray
       • ultrasound
       • CT SCAN
   • Urological: neoplasm, BPH, urolithiasis, infection, trauma, iatrogenic, vascular
     • Mass in kidney = neoplasm or polycystic kidney disease
     • Painless = malignancy
   • Nephrological: Post-strep GN, SLE, HUS, Subacute bacterial endocarditis, necrotizing papillitis, periarteritis nodosa
   • Hematological: Hemophilia, VW diseases, ITP, sickle cell trait, DIC, anticoagulant therapy
     • Hemorrhage in skin/mucosa = hematologic
   • Miscellaneous: Exercise hematuria, diseases of adjacent organs like the appendix, idiopathic
     • Edema & hypertension = GN or hypertensive nephropathy

2. Anatomy & Histology of Urinary Bladder

   • Physiology of micturition
     • Filling stage: the bladder fills progressively until the tension in its walls rises above a threshold level
       • Micturition reflex that empties the bladder or, if this fails, at least causes a conscious desire to urinate

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