CONSONANTS

CONSONANTS

1. The sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the airstream by a constriction of the speech organs.

   • Classification
     • Place of articulation
       • Area where the sounds are produced (larynx,mouth)
         • Bilabial: p, b, m, w
         • Labiodental: f, v
         • Dental: θ, ð
         • Alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l
         • Post-alveolar: ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, r
         • Palatal: j,
         • Velar: k, g, ŋ
         • Glottal: h
     • Voicing
       • Refers to the activity of the vocal folds
         • Voiced: when the vocal folds vibrates
         • Voiceless: when the vocal folds are wide apart
     • Manner of articulation
       • How sounds are produced
         • Plossive: p,b t,d, k ,g
         • Fricatives: f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h
         • Affricatives: tʃ, dʒ
         • Nasals: m, n, ŋ
         • Lateral approximant: l
         • Approximants: w, r, j