Zusammenfassung der Ressource
HIV/AIDS
- Scientific Consequence
- What is it?
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- A virus that reduces the strength by
diminishing crucial cells that assist in fighting
against disease and infection (such as white
blood cells)
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- Final stage of HIV is AIDS where the immune
system is severely damaged and the person
becomes susceptible to the numerous
infections and diseases that exist.
- Symptoms
- Depends on Stage
- Early Stage
- Fever, sore throat, swollen
glands, rash, etc.
- Advanced Stage
- Rapid weight loss, extreme fatigue,
pneumonia, memory loss, depression, etc.
- Transmission among People
- Is spread when blood, vaginal fluid, semen or
other body fluids enters another person’s body
when participating in the following activities
- Engaging in unprotected sex, Blood transfusion, Sharing
needles, Mother-to-child transmission (during pregnancy),
Breastfeeding
- History
- How it Began?
- Some scientists suppose HIV was passed onto
humans from chimpanzees (or a species of
monkeys). A theory most people believe is that
the infected monkeys were hunted for meat and
eaten which transferred the virus to humans and
then spread.
- Spread in Africa first and the epidemic began as the
illness dispersed to nations all around the world
- Evolution Overtime
- 1970s: The illness enters the US and
spreads rapidly in Africa
- 1980-84: Majority of the first infected people were
gay men or injecting drug user, the infection was
given the formal name of AIDS, scientists discover
HIV is the cause of AIDS, more people are affected
- 1985-89: Aids has spread to all parts of the world
and a HIV test is authorized, AZT (a drug) is allowed
to treat AIDS, World AIDS Day is announced on
December 1st
- 1990-99: AZT not effective to those in early stages, however
reduced mother to child transmissions which resulted in
reduction of infant infections, combination antiretroviral
treatment is developed and is more powerful against HIV
resulting in reduced deaths in developed countries
- 2000s: AIDS drugs reasonably priced for developing countries,
leaders and nations altogether continue to work on
treatments/vaccines to aid those in need and reduce the
number of people being affected.
- Prevention Methods
- Condom usage during sexual activities,
Male circumcision, Safe sex education
for youth at an appropriate age
- Never sharing needles and ensuring
they are disinfected, Testing for HIV and
other common STI’s or infections, Avoid
injecting drugs
- To prevent mother to child transmission, baby
should receive medications after birth and should
not be breastfed in order for some recovery
- Treatments/Vaccines
- Cures
- No cure available or generated yet
- Treatments
- Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
- Is HIV medicine utilized by those who are more
vulnerable to being infected by HIV and is often used
with other prevention methods
- Post-exposure Prophylaxis
- Is HIV medicine utilized by those who may have been
potentially exposed to HIV in order to reduce risk of
infection
- Antiretroviral Therapy
- Using a combination of HIV medicines to treat HIV
- Lengthens life span, decreases threat of sexual
transmission of HIV, restricts HIV from
multiplying which assists in strengthening
immune system and reducing amount of
infected cells in body
- Side Effects
- Vary depending on type your taking, but
some may include headaches, swelling of
mouth, liver or tongue damage, etc.
- Vaccines
- What is a vaccine?
- Product created to secure people from specific
diseases/infections in order to help control or
prevent disease outbreaks/epidemics
- Given through needle injections,
by mouth or aerosol spray
- HIV vaccine
- No vaccine created to prevent or cure HIV yet however
taking other vaccines designed to fight against other
diseases is beneficial (such as Hep B or Flu shots)
- Type
- Preventive vaccine:to stop HIV illness altogether
- Therapeutic vaccine-to prevent or postpone
illness for those who are already infected and
reduce risk of transmission
- Characteristics
- Would have to stimulate immune system or generate cells to combat against
HIV, effective vaccine would require both cells and antibodies (combination of
cells and chemicals) to work together, be safe for all people (children, women,
etc.), able to provide protection for long period of time.
- Challenges Creating HIV Vaccine
- No known recovery from HIV or AIDS
- HIV influences immune system cells which are in
charge of protecting your body from such diseases
- After being infected for a certain period, HIV
implants itself in genetic material where it is difficult
to treat
- Scientific Research
- Vaccination research to prevent infection spreading
at rapid pace, Finding antibodies to protect or
combat against HIV, Looking at structure of HIV,
How to prevent HIV from inserting into genetic
material of cells, How to limit damage to body,
Better treatment that lengthens life span
- Social Consequence
- AIDS education
- Grade 1-9 (for most schools) students have health education
where they are educated about personal growth &
development, healthy living and substance use & abuse.
Include teaching students about HIV/AIDS when they reach an
appropriate age and may engage in sexual activities. Effects
and consequences of illness are taught along with methods of
prevention and causes of infection. HIV/AIDS are taught along
with STI’s.
- Effects on Lifestyle
- Mental
- May experience anxiety, depression,
constant worry, loneliness,
- Personal
- Various doctor visits, daily medications to take,
restrictions from doing certain activities, women
avoid getting pregnant, expensive medications that
have to be paid off, difficult to make relationships or
sometimes get employed, extra precautions to
prevent exposure to any other disease
- Physical
- Body becomes weak as immune system is affected;
medications have side effects on body, fat can be lost or
gained, skin rashes, infection may affect other systems
- Cultures Affected
- African Americans
- Primarily discriminated or judged due to the widespread
impact in Africa and among their people
- People from Caribbean
- Judged due to increase of HIV/AIDS
cases among their people
- Stigma, fear, discrimination, homophobia and
negative perception about HIV testing can put many
of those exposed at a higher risk, Both groups fear
discrimination and rejection more than the infection
itself.
- Groups Affected
- Directly
- Gay/bisexual men, people who inject drugs,
prisoners, women (more likely to be affected
than men), Aboriginal People
- These more vulnerable groups are judged
for their position in the HIV/AIDS epidemic
and often become isolated in society.
- Women with HIV worry about having
children and any close relations both inside
& outside of family may become distant
after discovering one may be infected.
- Those living in poverty are known to be affected more as they
don’t receive the same education as others and aren't educated
about the causes behind this virus.
- Indirectly
- Any loved ones, people who
shared close relationship with
person affected by infection,
colleagues at work, people not
educated about infection
- Some fear any
contact with
infected person
may contract virus
- Connections/Divisions
- Brings together people who are affected by virus as they
understand one another and are comfortable with sharing
thoughts, opinions and feelings towards situation.
- Connects people who want to provide
assistance to those with HIV/AIDS and have
knowledge on the infection.
- Divide between those who have the virus and
those who don’t. Stigma and fear among people
aren’t affected, as they are afraid the infection
will transfer to them.
- Global Consequence
- Countries Affected
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Had most severe HIV & AIDS epidemic, 2.5 million
people were living with HIV in 2012 and the country
resulted in social and economic consequence.
- Asia
- Wasn’t affected until early 1980s and doesn’t
have high rates of infection
- Middle East & North Africa
- Region with lowest HIV occurrence rates in the world
- Worldwide illness, affected other places like
Latin America, the Caribbean, USA, Russia,
Europe, etc.
- Raising Awareness
- Global Vaccine Action Plan aims to prevent deaths through more
reasonable access to vaccines for people in both developing &
developed countries. World AIDS Day: established to increase
awareness, fighting stigma, enhancing education, transporting
resources, and raising funds to help foundations. UN Political
Declaration on HIV/AIDS: developed 10 targets regarding
HIV/AIDS to be met by 2015
- Global Prevention
- Providing developing countries with assistance and treatment.
Countries sharing new knowledge and research. UNAIDS: Joint
United Nations Program for global action against AIDS. Governments
encouraging safe sex. Trying to improve health care systems in other
poor communities.
- People Affected
- 35.0 million people with HIV/AIDS worldwide
in 2013 3.2 million people were children
- Local Consequence
- People Affected In Ontario
- Aboriginal People
- Amount Affected
- Rate of new HIV infections among them is predicted to
be 3.6 times higher; they make up for about 12.5% of
new HIV infections along with 8.0% of existing
infections in Canada
- Support
- Ontario Aboriginal HIV/AIDS Strategy established to
supply respectful, sensitive programs to
acknowledge the increasing number of cases among
Aboriginals and recognize their needs to recover
- Gay/Bisexual Mean
- Amount Affected
- In 2008, 15 072 gay/bisexual men were infected in
the province (57% of all infections in Ontario)
- Support
- Ontario’s Gay Men’s Sexual Health Alliance (GMSH) was
formed to acknowledge the sexual health requirements of
Ontario’s diversified community of gay/bisexual men. It funds
for Provincial HIV testing campaigns. Assists in the
development of policies and resources to meet the needs of
gay or bisexual men at risk.
- Objectives: To decrease transmission of HIV and other
common STI’s to improve their health
- African & Caribbean Ontarians
- Amount Affected
- 4878 living with HIV/AIDS in 2008,
number of new HIV infections
increased by 124% among this
community from 1996-2008
- Support
- African & Caribbean Council on HIV/AIDS in Ontario
(ACCHO) developed to avoid spread among this specific
community by supplying HIV tests
- # of Infections
- About 15 904 in 1999 had risen to 26
627 in 2008 (increase by 67%)
- Communities at Risk
- Aboriginal People, Gay/Bisexual Men,
African & Caribbean Ontarians, people who
use injection drugs, women who participate
in high risk activities with above
communities
- HIV Testing
- Anonymous Testing Program
- Offered at about 50 sites across country
and do not request any type of identity
due to stigma associated with HIV/AIDS
- Point of Care HIV Testing
- Pricking finger in order to test blood; if negative,
instantaneous results are given and no further work
is involved. If reactive, blood sample sent to
laboratory for standard testing.
- Standard HIV Testing
- Blood sample taken and sent to public
health laboratory, wait lasts about 2 weeks
- Testing by Healthcare Providers
- Doctors, midwives and nurse practitioners
request HIV tests using your name or a code
depending on person’s comfort
- Prenatal HIV Testing Program
- HIV testing for pregnant women as
part of pre-natal care. If infected,
treatment is given to mother and the
child.
- Prevention in
Ontario/Monitoring
- Government of Ontario monitors HIV/AIDS
epidemic growth/decline with the assistance
of Dr. Robert Remis (epidemiologist who
works with Ontario HIV Epidemiological
Monitoring Unit from University of Toronto)
- Provides reports to analyze evolution of epidemic
Data on HIV/AIDS diagnoses and mortality
- HIV testing available at numerous locations along with
counseling to inform people on risk reduction, Prenatal HIV
testing programs available, Providing funding for Ontario’s
HIV Treatment Network to support research, HIV clinics
open to public, AIDS & Sexual Health Info Line to provide
information and anonymous counseling, Ontario AIDS
Network that assists those with HIV and preventing further
spread, providing education to youth about safe sex and
consequences
- Supportive Programs
- Casey House
- For people suffering through last stages of HIV/AIDS. Is
a 12-bed residence that offers medical & nursing care
along with nutrition, counseling and more. Raises
funds to maintain services like Community Nursing
Program, Therapies, The Child Care Fund, etc.
- Fife House
- For people with HIV. Supplies housing
and care along with support for those
who may have mental health concerns.
- Ontario Advisory Committee on HIV/AIDS
- Group that supplies vast social and health policies to the
Minister of Health & Long-Term Care on HIV/AIDS.
Associated with public health reform, HIV/AIDS education
in school, HIV & organ transplantation and dealing with
health care for those with no insurance.