Area of Study Three

Area of Study Three

1. Miles Davis - All Blues

   • Structure
     • Based on 12-bar blues progression
       • Chord sequence that last for 12 bars then repeats
         • One chord sequence is called the chorus
     • Main melody is called the Head
       • Played by a muted trumpet
         • Heard near the start and end of piece
     • Simple 4 bar riff
       • In parrallel 3rds
         • Seperates each section
     • 5 Sections
       • Introduction
         • Opening 4 bars
           • Played by rhythm section
             • Followed by a riff
       • Head 1
         • Head melody
           • Followed by a riff
       • Solos
         • 4 solos
           • Trumpet
           • Piano
           • Alto and Tenor saxaphone
       • Head 2
         • Head melody
           • Followed by riff
             • Played twice
       • Coda
         • Solo for muted trumpet
       • Head arrangement
   • Melody
     • Head melody simple
       • Characterised by rising 6ths
         • Interval from D to B
           • Followed by 4 solos
     • Trumpet solo
       • Lasts for 4 choruses
         • Short, syncopated motifs
     • Alto sax solo
       • Lasts for 4 choruses
         • Quicker notes
           • Wider range
         • Adderleys improvisation is more virtuosic than Davis'
     • Piano solo
       • Lasts for 2 choruses
         • Improvisation is calmer
           • simple melody
             • Leads into string parrallel chords
     • Tenor sax solo
       • Lasts for 4 choruses
         • fast scales
           • Quick runs
             • Also very virtuosic
   • Harmony and tonality
     • Based on 12 bar blues sequence
       • Repeated throught piece
         • G7 bars 1-4
           • Gm7 bars 5-6
             • G7 bars 7-8
               • D7 bar 9
                 • Eb7/D7 bar 10
                   • F/G bar 11
                     • F/G6 bar 12
     • Chord sequence known as changes
     • Gm with flattened 7th
       • Flattened note is called a blue note
     • Mixolydian mode
       • Modal jazz
   • Rhythm metre and tempo
     • 6/4
       • Jazz waltz
       • Sounds like 3/4
     • swing quavers
       • Each pair of qauvers is played with the first a little longer than the second
     • Frequent syncopation
   • Instrumental techniques
     • Snare drum is played with wire brushes
       • Sticks later on
     • Bass plays pizzicato
     • Trumpet plays Harmon mute for the head
     • Piano plays tremolo
       • Pianist begins comping during solo

2. Jeff Buckley - Grace

   • instrumentation and texture
     • Buckley is accompanied
       • Guitars
       • Bass guitars
       • Synthesiser
       • Strings
       • Drum kit
     • Guitar part printed in tab
       • Shows finger position
       • Uses drop D tuning
         • Lowest string is tuned from E to D
     • Drums and guitars
       • Play rhythmic patterns
         • Broken chords
         • Accompany Buckley throughout the song
           • Synthesiser and strings less prominent
             • Drop in and out
               • Add effects and vary texture
     • Texture thickens towards end
       • Especially in the coda
   • Use of technology
     • Modulation
       • Used on synthesiser
         • Start of song
     • Distortion and flanging
       • Guitars
         • Intesify sound
           • In coda
     • Overdubbing
       • Guitars
         • Thicker sound
       • Extra vocal parts
         • Bridge
     • EQ
       • Final verse
         • Removes lower frequency in Buckley's voice
   • Structure
     • Verse Chorus form
     • Intro
       • Instrumental
     • Verse 1
       • Voice
     • Chorus 1
       • Voice
         • "Wait in the fire"
     • Intro
       • Instrumental
     • Verse 2
       • Voice
     • Chorus 2
       • Voice
         • "Wait in the fire"
     • Bridge
       • Voice
         • Vocalisation
     • Intro
       • Instrumental
     • Verse 3
       • Voice
     • Coda
       • Voice
         • Improvisation
   • Tonality and harmony
     • E minor
       • Often ambiguous
         • Intro focus on D chord
           • E minor becomes clear halfway through verse
     • Harmony unusual of a rock song
       • I-IV-V chord progression ignored
         • Chords are chromatic
           • Move in parrallel motion
             • Semi tone steps
     • Some harmonies
       • Dissonant
   • Melody and word setting
     • Vocal parts improvised
       • Wide vocal range
         • 2 octaves
       • vocal phrases are falling
         • Reflecting melancholy mood
     • Frequent ornamentation
       • Melody line
       • Glissandos
         • Slides
     • Syllabic word setting
       • Some melisma
         • Emphasise words
           • Love
             • Verse one
           • Fire
             • Chorus
     • Vocalisation
       • Bridge section
         • Wordless singing
         • Buckley uses his falsetto
           • Singing high notes
     • Lyrics reflect outlook on love
       • Verse 1
         • Cries
           • Set to a falling 5th
             • Sounds like crying
       • Bridge
         • Pain
           • High register
             • Sound frought
         • Leave
       • Verse 3
         • Slow
           • Set to a long note
       • Coda
         • Thick texture builds up
           • "Drown my name"
   • Rhythm metre and tempo
     • 12/8
       • Compound time
     • Bass drum
       • Plays beats 1 + 3
       • Snare drum
         • Accents back beats
           • Beats 2 + 4
     • syncopation
       • Vocal melody
         • Rhythmically free
       • Bas line
     • Cross rhythms
       • Two-against-three rhythms
         • Quavers against dotted quavers

3. Moby - Why does my heart feel so bad?

   • Samples and Melody
     • Based on 2 samples
       • Taken from a recording
         • 1953
           • Gospel chior
             • Singing a gospel song
               • King Jesus Will Roll All Burdens Away
     • First sample
       • Sample A
         • Sung by a Male
           • Used for verses
     • Second sample
       • Sample B
         • Sung by female
           • Used for choruses
     • Boths samples have been manipulated
       • Change meaning of words
       • Have a vintage feel
         • Moby hasn't cleaned up surface noise
           • Crackles when a worn vinyl plays
     • Samples are looped
       • Creates melody
         • Result is simple adn repetitive
   • Structure and texture
     • Song based on verse chorus structure
       • Samples looped
         • Creates verse and chorus
     • After second verse 1 bar silence
       • Into = A1
         • Verse = A2, A3, A4, A5
           • Chorus = Bx1, By1
             • Verse = A6, A7
               • 1 bar silence
                 • Chorus = Bx2, By2, By3
                   • Verse = A8
       • A = male sample
         • B = female sample
     • A1 = Piano
       • A2 = Voice
         • A3 = Drum, string-synth countermelody
           • A4 = Bass, held synth-string chords
             • A5 = syncopated piano chords
     • After breakdown texture becomes thinner
       • Piano and drums drop
         • Bx2
       • Re-enter for next 8 bars
         • By2
         • Drop out again till end
     • Contrasts in texture
       • Varying instrumentation
         • Each 8 bar section
       • Use of silence
       • Sections with static chords for accomapniment
   • Rhythm, metre and tempo
     • 4/4
       • Steady tempo
         • 98 bpm
     • Drum loop
       • After 16 bars
         • Made up of a breakbeat
           • Drum solo
             • Sampled from a hip hop track
     • Bass drum plays on beats 1 + 3
       • Snare drum beats 2 + 4
         • Repeated semiquavers on shaker
     • Syncopation
       • Piano
       • Vocal
       • Sythesised strings
     • Rhythms varied between sections
       • Provides contrast
       • Piano pattern changes at end of verse 1
         • More syncopated
         • Start of verse 2 static chords
   • Use of technology
     • Synthesisers
       • Produce string, bass and piano
     • Sampler
       • Vocal samples
         • backbeat rhythm on drum track
     • Drum machine
       • Creates drum track
     • Sequencer
       • Trigger sampler and synthesiser
     • Various effects are applied
       • Panning
         • Used to place sounds in stereo field
           • On the piano at the begining
             • Creates a sense of movement
               • Right to left and back
       • Electric ghostings
         • Male vocal sample
           • First comes in
           • Remnants of backing singers in original sample
       • Reverb and delay
         • Used throughout the track
           • Hear effects in the 1 bar breakdown
       • Echoes
         • Second verse
           • A6
         • Voice
           • Created through delay
           • EQ used to remove lower frequencies
             • "Telephone voice"
   • Harmony and tonality
     • Harmony is diatonic
       • Made up of 3 simple 8 bar phrases
         • Repeated chord progression
           • Each last 8 bars
         • First sample
           • Chord sequence = Am, Em, G and D
             • Remember: AMazing EMily Goes Dancing
         • Second sample
           • Harmonised
             • 2 different ways
               • Firstly: C, Am, C, Am
               • Secondly: F, C, F, C
         • Can describe these as verses
           • Dorian mode on A
           • Describe choruses as
             • Being in Cmajor

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