The 3 Approaches to Arguments

The 3 Approaches to Arguments

1. Classical

   • Made by Aristotle
   • Different parts of this argument
     • Introduction
       • To capture attention and get the reader to consider your case
     • State your case
       • Clarify your issue and explain it
     • Proposition
       • State central thesis and forecast the further points that you will address
     • Refutation
       • Refute all counter arguments
     • Substantiation and proof
       • To develop your own case using Ethos, Pathos , or Logos
     • Conclusion
       • Summarize the main points

2. Toulmin

   • Made by Stephen Toulmin
   • Different parts of this argument
     • Claim
       • A statement asking another person to accept
     • Grounds
       • Basis of facts
     • Warrants
       • Links the grounds to a claim
     • Backing
       • Support for the argument
     • Qualifier
       • Indicates the strength of the similarities between the warrant and the grounds
   • GASCAP (types of warrants)
     • Generalization
       • Assumes the same reaction from a sample to a larger population
     • Analogy
       • Similarities are established between two things and then assumptions are made because of those established similarities
     • Sign
       • Notion that one thing is influenced by another
     • Casual
       • X is result of Y
     • Authority
       • Does the text / writer have an authoritative view on the subject at hand
     • Principle
       • Showing a correlation between your principle and a principle regarded as valid by many

3. Rogerian

   • Made by Carl Rodgers
   • Different parts of this argument
     • Introduction
       • Briefly and objectively defines the issue or problem
     • Stating of opponents view
       • Demonstrates understanding of what they are trying to say
     • Statement of your argument
       • Demonstrates your position
     • Analysis
       • Analysis of both arguments and then finding the similarities
     • Proposal
       • Finding common ground