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4 temperament theories
- 1) Thomas & Chess
- 9 dimensional framework using New York Longitudinal Study
- Dimensions may not be independent, distract ability & attention span could be same thing
- Difficult to replicate framework on separate samples of children
- Different temperamental types in infancy, easy, slow to warm up, difficult
- Difficult kids showed pattern of high scores on intensity of reaction & negative mood, low scores on adaptability, rhythmic it's & approach. Increased risk of behavioural problems
- Bates & Bates
- Link between temp characteristics reported by mom at 2 & behaviour probs at 3-6. However May be product of parental perceptions rather than child's actual behaviour
- link between temp characteristics reported by mom at 2 & behaviour probs at 3-6. But may be product pf parental perception rather than childs actual behaviour
- Link between temp characteristics reported by mom at 2 & behaviour probs at 3-6. However May be product of parental perceptions rather than child's actual behaviour
- Vaughan et al
- mom had formed a view of temperament before birth.
- Ratings were related to mom personality & attitudes towards child rearing
- biased, parental perceptions may shape temperament
- biased, parental perceptions may shape temperament
- mom had formed a view of temperament before birth.
- Pauli-Pott et al
- parental perception of infant emotionality at 4mth predicted measures at 8 mth
- parental perception of infant emotionality at 4mth predicted measures at 8 mth
- Bates & Bates
- Difficult kids showed pattern of high scores on intensity of reaction & negative mood, low scores on adaptability, rhythmic it's & approach. Increased risk of behavioural problems
- Different temperamental types in infancy, easy, slow to warm up, difficult
- Difficult to replicate framework on separate samples of children
- Dimensions may not be independent, distract ability & attention span could be same thing
- 9 dimensional framework using New York Longitudinal Study
- 2) Buss & Plomin
- Simpler model, 3 dimentions
- emotionality, activity, sociability
- Impulsivity & shyness maybe further dimentions
- model related well to adult personality theories by Eysenck
- sociability & impulsivity link to extraversion, and emotionality to neuroticism
- emphasises genetic influence
- emphasises genetic influence
- sociability & impulsivity link to extraversion, and emotionality to neuroticism
- model related well to adult personality theories by Eysenck
- Impulsivity & shyness maybe further dimentions
- emotionality, activity, sociability
- Simpler model, 3 dimentions
- 3) Kagan
- Inhibition to the unfamiliar
- Categorical rather than dimensional approach, emphasising qualitative differences between temperament types
- Distinction made on basis of behavioural inhibition, some are shy & other socially responsive with unfamiliar people
- 75% stability in these characteristics into middle childhood
- psychological differences linked to limbic system
- some support for psychophysiological reactivity but
acknowledges change possible through conscious effort
- some support for psychophysiological reactivity but
acknowledges change possible through conscious effort
- psychological differences linked to limbic system
- 75% stability in these characteristics into middle childhood
- Distinction made on basis of behavioural inhibition, some are shy & other socially responsive with unfamiliar people
- Categorical rather than dimensional approach, emphasising qualitative differences between temperament types
- Inhibition to the unfamiliar
- 4) Dunn & Kendrick
- embedding temperament in social relationships
- focus on influence of social context on behaviour
- response to new sibling related not only to temperament but also quality of interaction between mom & child
- stability of temperament reflects stability of relationship
- not purely genetic
- not purely genetic
- stability of temperament reflects stability of relationship
- response to new sibling related not only to temperament but also quality of interaction between mom & child
- focus on influence of social context on behaviour
- embedding temperament in social relationships
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