Proximate and Ultimate

Proximate and Ultimate

1. Timbergen's 4 whys

2. Proximate

   • Ontogeny
     • Learning
     • Genetic Predisposition
   • Mechanism
     • Internal & External triggers
     • Physiological Mechanisms
       • Sensory, Neural and Internal State

3. Ultimate

   • Function
     • Survival
     • Adaptive Value
     • Fitness Consequence
   • Evolution
     • Phylogeny
     • Why behavioural traits exist

4. Bird Song EXAMPLE

   • Ontogeny
     • Song learning requires visual and acustic feedback
   • Function
     • Defend territories
     • attract mates
   • Mechanism
     • IEG expression: Learning sectors of the brain react to stimuli to learn song
     • Brain Volume Changes
   • Phylogeny
     • Evolution of song learning
     • Co-evolution of neural structures