Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Tectonic Landscape
- Hawaii hotspot
- 5 connected volcanic mountains
- Kilauea is still rumbling because the
big island is still above the hotspot
- Loihi is the newest and is 6000 feet
above seabed but won't break the
surface for another 1,000,000 years
- Izmit Turkey, August 17th 1999 EARTHQUAKE
- 3:02am, magnitude 7.4, epicentre
near Izmit, 88km east of Istanbul
- Turkey sits between the
plates; Eurasia, Africa
and Arabia which push
into each other.
- Several faults through Turkey
and east mediterranean (north
Anatolian fault)
- Arabian plate is pushing
the Turkish micro plate
west causing earthquakes
on the NA fault
- TIdal surge hit Izmir bay and
marooned a ferry in an
amusement park (6m)
- 18,000 people died
- 300,000 people left
homeless
- Diarrhoea and
Cholera sue to
flowing sewage
and dirty water
- In Yalova 65,000 buildings
were destroyed
- Motorway between Ankara
and Istanbul buckled
- Toxic waste dump cracked
exposing the harmful waste
- Lots of pollution
given off when the
oil refinery set on
fire
- Rebuilding cost $10 billion
- 2 years after
20,000 people
were in temporary
accommodation
- Why do people live
in volcanic areas?
- People believe there
is a small chance of
eruption
- Don't want to leave
connections
- Volcanic soils are very fertile
- Can't afford to move
- In Indonesia the best place to grow
rice is in the shadows of the volcanos
- Rocks contain; gold, silver,
tin, copper and diamonds
- Cheap geothermal energy in Reykjavik they heat the
pavements at winter and in 2008 28% of their energy was
geothermal
- High popularity with
tourists creates money
and jobs
- Why do people live in
high risk earthquake
places?
- Beliefs about low chance of eruption
- Places know for
beauty so nice to live in
despite the risks
- People feel safer due to an improvement in
technology and understanding of earthquakes
- Popular with
tourists so income
out weighs risks
- Plate boundaries
- Convergent (destructive)
- This occurs when oceanic and continental plates move together.
The oceanic plate is forced under the lighter continental plate.
Friction causes melting of the oceanic plate and may trigger
earthquakes. Magma rises up through cracks and erupts onto the
surface.
- Divergent (constructive)
- Occurs when plates move apart. Volcanoes are
formed as magma wells up to fill the gap, and
eventually new crust is formed.
- Transform (conservative)
- Occurs where plates slide past each other
in opposite directions, or in the same
direction but at different speeds. Friction
is eventually overcome and the plates slip
past in a sudden movement. The
shockwaves created produce an
earthquake.
- Monserrat, Chances peak June 25th 1997
- In 1995 the volcano began to give off warning signs of an
eruption (small earthquakes and eruptions of dust and
ash). Once Chances Peak had woken up it then remained
active for five years.
- The most intense eruptions
occurred in 1997.
- catastrophic because thick sticky lava
(andesite) was produced
- ash cloud 10km high
- ash deposits 2-3mm thick
- 19 dead, 100s homeless due to
pyroclastic flow reaching up to 120kmph
and 600˚c
- make shift shelters
- Sirens
- convergent plate boundary
- North American plate slowly sub-ducted under
the caribbean plate
- in 2000 southern part was
declared a danger zone and 2/3
of the country was closed down
- 2000 people left the island to UK and mediterranean
- 4km ^2 of land covered by deposits
- built new roads and new airport for
easier access and evacuation
- Severe burns to inside of nose
and feet
- flows flattened and broke
thousands of trees
- Some rocks deposited were up to 5m
- 5million cubic metres of ash and dust deposited
- Mosquito ghaut nearly filled with pyroclastic flows
- Flows caused the Belham river to flood