morphology

morphology

1. is the study of these meaning-bearing units and the rules governing them, the study of the structure of words

2. morpheme

   • which sometimes is designated with braces, { }, is the smallest meaning-bearing unit of language
     • For example, “re-“ is not a word, but it does carry meaning.
   • A morpheme ordinarily consists of a sequence of one or more phonemes.
     • for example, the word “reopened”
       • reopened consist in 3 morphemes which are RE-OPEN-ED. RE(again), OPEN(adj),ED(past-tense)
   • Free morphemes fall into two categories: lexical and functional
     • lexical
       • Lexical free morphemes include
         • ordinary nouns, adjectives, and verbs
           • {boy}, {man}, {look}, {cute}, {yellow),etc
       • This category if considered an open class of words, which means that more words can be added to it
     • functional
       • Functional free morphemes consist largely of the functional words in the language
         • conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and pronouns
           • {at}, {and}, {he}, {on}, {yet}, {a}, {the},etc.
       • This category is also referred to as a closed class of words because no new words can be added to it.
   • Another type of morpheme is the bound morpheme
     • occurs only when attached to another morpheme
       • includes prefixes and suffixes of all kinds
         • {pre-}, {-ness}, {-ly}, {-ed}, and many others
         • the word REPRINTED for instant
           • the free morpheme {print} and the two bound morphemes {re-} and {-ed}.
     • Bound morphemes may be subdivided into derivational and inflectional morphemes.
       • derivational
         • derivational morpheme is one that is added to a root
           • the suffix {-ness} in happiness
       • inflectional
         • properties associated with nouns and verbs, such as gender, number.
           • -S - PLURAL S-POSSIVE , ER-COMPARATIVE, - EST- SUPERLATIVE, -S- THRID PERSON SINGULAR, -ED-PAST TENSE, -ING-PROGRESSIVE, -EN-PAST PARTICIPLE

3. allomorphs

   • are any of the variant forms of a morpheme
     • Nouns that end in one of the sibilants /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /ʧ/, and /ʤ/ take the [əz] plural allomorph, as in mazes, judges,
     • Nouns that end in a voiceless consonant (other than a sibilant) form their plurals with the voiceless allomorph [-s], as in caps, chiefs, and wicks.
     • s. All other regular nouns end in a voiced sound and take the voiced allomorph [-z], as in joys, bums, and liquids.
     • Some irregular allomorphs of the plural morpheme are [-ən]as in oxen, [-rən] as in children, and Ø (zero morph) as in deer.

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