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1. bone

2. Anatomy of the arm

   • bone and mucsle
   • nerve and vessels

3. Nerve lesions

4. Fractures

   • Types of Fractures
     • Stable fracture:
       • Stable fracture: The broken ends of the bone line up and are barely out of place.
     • Open, compound fracture: .
       • The skin might be pierced by the bone or by a blow that breaks the skin at the time of the fracture. The bone might be seen or might not be visible in the wound.
     • Transverse fracture:
       • It is a type of fracture that characterized by a horizontal fracture line.
     • Oblique fracture:
       • Another type of fracture that has an angled pattern.
     • . Comminuted fracture:
       • This type of fracture has a bone that is shattered into three or more pieces.
   • Causes
     • Trauma
       • Can result from a motor vehicle accident, a fall or a tackle during a football game
     • Osteoporosis
       • This disorder make the bone weak and more prone to break.
     • Overuse
       • Repetitive motion could tire muscles and put more force on bone. This can lead to stress fractures. Stress fractures are commonly seen in athletes.
   • Symptoms
     • Bruising.
     • Swelling and tenderness around the injury
     • Deformity
   • Healing
     • Ossification
     • Healing of a fractured bone
     • What can disturb the healing
       • Delayed union
         • Non-union
           • Malunion
         • Refracturing
     • How does age affect healing
   • Treatment and management
     • Fractures: First aid
       • Stop any bleeding.
         • Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing
         • Immobilize the injured area
           • Don't try to realign the bone or push a bone that's sticking out back in.
           • Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain.
             • Treat for shock
               • If the person feels faint or is breathing in short, rapid breaths, lay the person down with the head slightly lower than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs.
     • Physiotherapy
   • Psychoscioeconomic effects of fracture
     • Types of conditioning techniques
       • operant conditioning
       • classical
         • It is when a patient links his reaction to the trauma to his environment. For example if a person (Saeed) was shot at with a gun, after he recovers every load voice will make him scared that he was being shot at.

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