Congestive Heart Failure

Congestive Heart Failure

1. inability of the heart to deliver a supply of oxygenated blood sufficient to meet the metabolic needs

   • Causes
     • Right
       • left-sided HF
         • chronic lung disease
     • Left
       • ischemia
         • hypertension
           • cardiomyopathy
   • Risk factors
     • Modifiable
       • Obesity
         • Diabetes
           • Alcohol
             • Smoking
     • Non-modifiable
       • Age: >65
         • Gender: males
           • Genetics
   • Classification
   • Signs & Symptoms
   • Investigations
     • Blood test
       • ECG
         • Echocardiogram
           • Chest radiography
       • BNP , Troponin
   • Management
     • Pharmacological
       • ACE Inhibitors
         • ARBs
           • b-blockers
             • Vasodilators
               • Digoxin
                 • Aldosterone Antagonists
     • Non-Pharmacological
       • reduce salt
         • stop smoking & alcohol
           • Rest & Exercise
             • Heart transplant
   • Prognosis

2. Dyspnea

3. Edema

   • Heart Failure
     • increased hydrostatic pressure
     • Pulmonary Edema
       • Systemic Edema

4. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

   • benign overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against urethra & bladder, blocking flow of urine
     • Clinical presentation
       • Frequency, Urgency , Nocturia
         • Weak stream
           • Straining
             • Smooth, enlarged prostate
     • Anatomy
     • Risk factors
       • Older age
         • Diabetes
           • CVS disease
             • Family history
     • Investigations
       • Urine analysis
         • Ultrasound
           • PSA
     • Treatment
       • Alpha Blockers
         • 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
           • Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors
   • Histopathology
   • Histology

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