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The Ancient Greek

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The Ancient Greek

The Island of Crete Bronze Age (2.700B.C)
- Minoan Civilization .
  - Prosperous business culture. Rich society due to agriculture, livestock, crafts, and trade.
  - The Mycenaeans were a warlike people with a hierarchical and centralized society.
    - In 1.600 B.C., they broke into the territory of mainland Greece, settling in the northeastern of the Peloponnese Peninsula.
      - Led by Agamemnon in the expedition that culminated in the Trojan War according to Homer in the Illiad.
        The Dorians 1.200 B.C.
        They took Greece for the force of Iron.
        Sparta and Corinth became the main Dorian cities.
        A period of cultural regression.
        The Dark Ages
        The Fall of the Mycenaean kindgdoms.
        Later, from the 7th Century to the 8th Century B.C., Greece developed a great political, economic, and cultural recovery.
        Archaic Period
        Polis
        City-state: the dominant political unit.
        The development of commercial expansion in the Mediterranean.
        The introduction of Greek writing.
        The foundation of colonies on the mediterranean sea.
        Types of government.
        Monarchy
        The central figure was the king who received the throne through family inheritance. A monarchy operated in Athens was headed by a king who ruled alongside a council of nobles.
        Oligarchy
        It was a type of social government where people were ruled by a few wealthy individuals.
        Tyranny
        This type of government was headed by an individual who had taken the power of a polis by force, after overthrowing the previous government thanks to power or military support.
        Democracy
        After the overthrow of the tyrants in Athens, an aristocrat named Cleisthenes proposed radical reform to prevent the return of tyranny. He established democracy, in which all free men participated politically ( women and slaves remained excluded).
        The IV and V century B.C was the heyday of the greatest cities:
        Athens
        The conquests were made peacefully and by mutual agreement through alliances.
        Classical Greek
        The Medical Wars 490 B.C - 449 B.C.
        A series of conflicts between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states for the wishes of the conquest of the territories of Ancient Greece by the Achaemenid emperors.
        Faced with the advance of the Persian Empire on the Anatolian and the Balkans, the Greeks were threatened and had to defend themselves militarily on the occasions:
        First Medical War: 490 B.C
        Second Medical War: between 480 B.C. and 479 B.C. The Battle of Thermopylae.
        Third Medical War: between 471 B.C and 449 B.C.
        The Greeks managed to stop the constant invasions by the Persian Empire, which had to give up its expansionist intentions.
        A peace treaty: Peace of Calias 449 B.C
        It was signed and both sides agreed not to attack each other again. The Persian Empire recognized the victory of the Greek city-states.
        Athenian hegemony (The Delian League)
        The Golden Age of Greece. The Century of Pericles.
        Pericles was the governor who led Athens to its maximum splendor.
        He developed the process of political democratization.
        He improved the economic and cultural life.
        He rebuilt the Acropolis.
        The growth of the power of Athens led to the devastating Peloponnesian War ( 431 B.C - 404 B.C)
        The Athenians
        They defended a society based on love, art, philosophy and democracy.
        The conflict broke out over common interests in southern of Italy and ended with the defeat of the Athenians in 404 B.C.
        Thirty Tyrants 404 B.C
        Thirty commissioners were appointed to the oligarchy led by Critias. Their oppressive regime fostered a bloody purge.
        Macedonia
        This stage of weakness was used by Macedonia.
        The Greeks considered Macedonia a barbarian society. It was not worn out by fighting and had natural resources
        Filipo II (382 B.C-336 B.C) made the Macedonians into the new power.
        After his death, his son, Alexander the Great began the formation of a great empire in ten years.
        Alexander was educated by Aristotle and admired Hellenistic culture, so the conquest and the expansion favored the spread of culture and civilization.
        The Political Colonization of Greece had a kind of inverted cultural colonization in which the Romans adapted part of Grek culture.
        Architecture, philosophy and mithology.
        The Spartans
        They defended oligarchic power, an aristocratic society and a way of life based on wars.
        A period of the greatest Greek philosophers:
        Socrates (470 B.C- 399 B.C)
        Socrates revolutionized the world of Greek philosophy laying the foundations for a new method of argument based on dialogue for which he would be considered the father of Western philosophy.
        He was the teacher of Plato, who had Aristotle as a disciple.
        In Athens, emerged a new scientific and rational conception as the observation and explanation of facts without the implicit need for divine intervention.
        The Socratic Method: The Maieutic.
        A method of teaching by question and answer.
        Maieutic= birth
        Socrates believed he had inherited this method from his mother since she was a midwife.
        Plato ( 427 B.C -347 B.C).
        He was an aristocrat who was born around 427 B.C.
        He grew up in the years after the Peloponnesian War.
        Plato´s Theory of the Forms.
        The sensible/ visible world
        Concrete/particular. Perceived by the senses. The effects of the forms.
        The Republic (375 B.C.) was one of the most important dialogue written by Plato.
        It described the importance of being just, an ideal city, and a way through which just and philosophical governance could create happiness.
        The Allegory of the Cave was a well-known allegory in The Republic.
        It was interpreted as a metaphor for the journey of the philosopher seeking knowledge and enlightenment.
        The cave represents the physical world, and the shadows represent the world of appearances, and the real world outside the cave represents the world of Forms, which are ideal and eternal concepts that are beyond the physical world.
        The Intelligible world.
        Universal. Unchanging. Understood through the intellect. The causes of particular things.
        Aristotle (384 B.C)
        His writings covered a brand range of subjects: the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, phycology, and the Arts.
        Political systems
        In the 14th Century, he wrote ´Politics´.He explained early political systems.
        Different categories of Political Systems.
        Tyranny
        Ruled by a single person.
        He believed they were not ideal. The leaders governed for their own benefit.
        Oligarchy
        Ruled by a small group of people.
        Democracy
        Rule by the citizens.
        Monarchy
        Ruled by a king or queen.
        He believed that these systems were ideal because the leaders governed for the benefit of the citizens.
        Aristocracy
        Ruled by a small group of nobles.
        Polity
        Ruled by the citizens for the benefit of everyone.
        Stoicism.
        It was a philosophy that flourished for 480 years in Ancient Greece and Rome.
        The Stoics are known for teaching that ´virtue is the only good´ for human beings and that external things are not good or bad in themselves, but have values as ´material for virtue to act upon´.
        The Roman writer and tutor to Nera: Seneca.
        The Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelious.
        The ex- slave Epitectus.
        The founder of the Stoic school: Zeno of Citium.
        Human beings must cultivate a way of being disciplined, self-controlled, and tolerant using courage and reason. A certain virtuous harmony can be achieved , the path to truth happiness.
        Sparta
        A military and aristocratic state consolidated its power through conquests.
The Ancient Rome 753 B.C.
- Three Major Periods:
  - Regal 753 B.C -510 B.C
    - Romulus and Remus were twin brothers. They were abandoned by their parents as babies and put into a basket in the Tiber River. The th basket was found by a female wolf. The wolf nursed the babies. When they became adults, they decided to establish a city where the wolf had found them.
    - It arose from settlement of several Latin, Sabine and Etruscan tribes.
    - Roman was a city-state governed by a monarchy. The first king was Romulus.
      - The four kings were Latins and Sabines.
        The economy was based on agriculture and livestock.
        The last kings were Etruscans.
        Trade was a fundamental pillar for Rome.
        The last king was Tarquinius the Superbs.
        He carried out important military campaigns in Etruscan territories.
        He built the Temple of Jupiter on the top of the Capitoline Hill. One of the most important structures in Rome.
        The figure of the eastern tyrant that Romans hated him.
        Lucretia was a Patrician who committed suicide after being rapted by Tarquinius. It caused the end of the monarchy and the proclamation of the Republic.
        It was declared by the Senate of the Roman Public. It was composed of the city´s most experienced public servants and society´s elite.
        They represented the Romans, elected kings, and directed foreign policy, fiances, and religion.
    - Social groups
      - The Patricians: were the wealthy land-owning noble class.
      - The Plebians: were members of the plebs, the hereditary social class of commoners.
      - The Equites: were Roman horsemen and knights.
      - The Freedman: were slaves who had managed to buy their freedom or whose owners has set set free.
      - The Slaves: were the lowest class in society without any rights and considered property of the master.
  - Republican 509 B.C - 29 B.C..
    - Rome adopted a republican system of governance in which the state was primarily ruled by two representatives called Praetors (consuls).
      - Statge in which military and territorial expansion occurred.
        Dominated the Mediterranean. Macedonia and Carthage.
        The Punic Wars: a series of three wars involving from 2654 B.C until 146 B.C.
        Jostled to control the seas of the lands of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Northern Africa, and the Southern lands of Spain.
        The Fisrst Punic War: 264-241 B.C.
        Sicily was a strategic island located in the Mesiterranean between Italy and North Africa sea. The control of Sicily would give either Rome or Carthage control of the sea lanes.
        The Second Punic War: 218B.C over Sardinia and Corsica.
        The culmination of this war was the battle of Zama between Rome and Carthage. It was a Roman victory.
        Rome was led by Scipio Africanus, while Carthage was led by Hannibal. Hannibal was very successful in previous battles, but he was finally defeated by Scipio Africanus. This defeat marked the end of the Carthaginian Empire and it resulted in the Treaty of Zama, which gave Rome control of Sardinia and Corsica.
        The Third Punic War: 149 B.C. over control of Carthagene´s empire in Africa.
        Carthage was devastating.Not only did they lost their empire, but they were also subjected to harsh rems by Rome as part of the peace treaty. This concluded the destruction of their city
        Invaded the Italian Peninsula between the 4th and 3rd Century B.C.
        Invaded and conquered Greece: the Macedonians, the Illyrians, the Spartans, the Aetolian League, the Achaean League, and the Seleucid Empire.
        The Roman Conquest of Spain/Hispania.
        The Carthaginians were already established in the Iberian Peninsula, as long as they controlled it, they were a threat to Roman expansion. The war in Iberia lasted 12 years, after which Carthage was finished as a Mediterranean power.
        Lusitanian Wars (154 B.C- 137 B.C)
        Celtiberian Wars (181 B.C -183 B.C)
      - The famous and general dictator: was Julius Ceaser.
        He named himself dictator of the Roman Empire, a rule that lasted less than one year before he was assassinated by political rivals in 44 B.C.
        in 75 B.C , a band of Cilician pirates in the Aegean Sea captured Julius Caesar , who had benn on his way to study oratory in Rhodes.
        The First Triumvirate: Ceaser helped devise a method whereby three men could share this power. Along with Crassus and Pompey, Caesar was part of the First Triumvirate.
        Ceaser´s Civil War: was a civil war between two factions led by Julius Ceaser and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. The main cause was the political tensions relating to Ceaser´s place in the Republic on his expected return to Rome on the expiration of his governorship in Gaul.
        When He crossed the Rubicon River, a civil war began in Rome. An act of treason, this confrontation with Pompey went against the Senate´s commands and led the Roman Republic to a civil war.
        On the Ides of March, 44 B.C. He was assassinated at the foot of a statue of Pompey where the Senate was meeting.
        His power role had turned over sixty members of the Senate against him which led to his planned death.
        Caesar Augustus became the new leader who led the transformatios of Rome from a Republic to and Empire.
        During his reign, he restored peace and prosperity to the Roman state.
  - Imperial 27 B.C. -A.D. 476
    - Caesar Augustus defeated Marcus Antonius established the Empire.
      - Represented absolute power.
      - Made power hereditary.
      - Reorganized the teritorial empire.
      - Established the PAX ROMANA: a stage of civil peace and economic prosperity.
      - Rome under the Jullius Dynasty: the first emperors.
        Tiberious ( 14-37 A.D)
        He left the Roman Empire prosperous and stable.
        Calugula (37-41 A.D.)
        He was initially loved by his people for throwing free gladiatorial games and building public works. Later, he was hated because of his cruelty toward the Senate and the society.
        Claudius (41-54 A.D)
        He successfully invaded Britain and annexed Thrace, Lycia, Mauritania ,and Noricum. He brought peace to Rome with the re-establishment of the rule of law. He built a new harbor at Ostia, established an imperial civil service, and brought agrarian reform.
        The Roman Conquest of Britannia in A.D 43.
        The Hadrian´s Wall: was built to guard the wild north-west frontier of the Roman Empire.
        Nero (54-68 A.D)
        He burned Rome and emerged the the first persecution of the Christians.
        Coupe´dtat (68A.D). He was forced to commit suicide.
        The Flavian Dynasty (A.D 69-96)
        Vespasian
        The fiscal reforms and the consolidation of the empire made his reign a period of political estabilityand funded a Vast Roman building program that included the Temple of Peace, the Colosseum and the restoration of the Capitol.
        Tito
        The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed by an eruption of the Mount Versuvius.
        Roman forces destroyed Jerusalem.
        Domitian
        The second persecution of the Christians.
        The Nerva-Antonine Dynasty (A.D 96-192)
        Nerva
        He prevented the outbreak of a civil war after the death of Domitian. He was an ally to the poor of Rome and was regarded as a fair ruler. He contributed to the construction of aqueducts.
        Trajan
        He led the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent.
        Hadrian
        He extended the humanitarian measures begun by Nerva and Trajan. He approved laws to improve the treatment of slaves.
        Antoninus Pius,
        His reign was one of political stability, economic prosperity, and consistent military strength.
        Marcus Aurellius
        He was a Stoic philosopher.
        Commodus
        He played gladiator at Rome´s Colosseum and ordered the executions of foes, allies and family members.
        The Severan Dynasty (193- 235 A.D)
        Septimius Severous
        He was the first Roman Emperor of North African origin. He was the founder the the Severan Dynasty.
        Caracalla
        He gave Roman citizenship to all free men.
        Macrinus
        He was one of the leaders of the attack against Caracalla (Batle of Antioch).
        Elagabalus
        He forced leading members of Rome´s government to participate in religious celebrations.
        Alexander Severus
        The Crisis of the Third Century.
        Diocletian
        He ended the military Anrchy and established the Tetrarchy.
        Constantine the Great
        He founded the city of Constantinople.
        Theodosius I
        Upon his death, the empire was divided between his sons: Arcadius (orient) and Honorius (occident).
        The Fall of the Roman Empire,
        There were major causes:
        The Crisis of The Third Century (235-285 A.D)
        The internal clashes faced by the power led to poor political and territorial administration.
        The continuos changes of emperors caused an economic crisis: the currency was devalued, prices increased, and damaged foreign trade.
        This caused the population to leave the big cities and go to rural areas.
        They lost their citizenship, falling under the control of the landowners.
        Alexander Severus was discharged by his own army.He began a power struggle for the control of the empire.
        Social changes
        The Humiliores were a free population, peasants, craftsmen, and the landless who suffered the rise of taxes.
        The Honestiories were the members of the privileged classes. They owned the lands of the lowest class.
        The Division of the Roman Empire.
        Diocletian divided the Roman Empire:
        The Western Roman Empire (Rome).
        It was governed by Arcadius.
        The Eastern Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire (Constantinople)
        It was governed by Honorius.
        The Western territory was left without sufficient power to prevent invasions.
        Christianity and the loss of traditional values.
        Life and the future were bleak for the society in charge of the Roman Empire. Christianity proclaimed the belief in death after life which many people saw as a sign of hope and encouragement among so much despair.
        It stated that life was sacred and any sinful attitude should be avoided.
        The Roman Empire changed from being hostile and aggressive to becoming a pacifist devoted to peace, life, morality, and ethics.
        The Roman values had changed radically and people were willing to give their lives for their new religion and beliefs.
        For these reasons:
        Many Christians died due to numerous persecutions.
        Constantine I 313 A.D
        The Edict of Milan was an agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire. It gave legal status and reprieve from persecution.
        Manumission
        It was a way for slaves to earn their freedom.
        The Germanic Invansions 375 A.D - 700 A.D.
        Origins
        The Germanic people were a northern European group. They were identified by their use of Germanic languages, which diversified during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
        The term 'Germanic' was used by a group of tribes living in Lower, Upper , and Greater Germania.
        Northernmost Europe ( the European plains of Denmark and southern Scandinavia) was where the Germanic people most likely originated.
        As their population grew, the Germanic people migrated westwards into coastal floodplains due to the exhaustion of the soul in their original settlements.
        The Germanic Tribes.
        An expansion further southwards into central Europe took place, and give general groups of Germanic people emerged.
        These five dialects were distinguished as North Germanic in southern Scandinavia
        North Sea Germanic in regions along the North Sea and in the Jutland peninsula, which forms the mainland of Denmark together with the North German state of Schleswing-Holstein.
        Rhine-Weser Germanic along the middle Rhine and Weser river.
        Elbe Germanic along the middle Elbe river.
        East Germanic between the middle of the Oder and Vistula rivers.
        The settlement patterns was the establishment of an agricultural base in a region that allowed them to support larger populations.
        The Germanic people cleared forests to extend the range of their pasturage.
        They often migrated to other areas as they exhausted the immediately available resources.
        War and conquest followed the Germanic people migrated, bringing them into direct conflict with the Celts who were forced to either conquest or migrate elsewhere as a result.
        West Germanic people eventually settled in central Europe and became more accustomed to agriculture.
        The eastern Germanic people continued their migratory habits.
        Migration Period.
        Nomadic Germanic people began migrating in massive directions.
        They took them to Great Britain and far south through present-day continental Europe to the Mediterranean and Northern Africa.
        Wandering tribes began staking out permanent homes as a means of protection.
        The result:
        Many tribes , under a power leader expanded outwards.
        Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Lombards made their way into Italy.
        Vandals, Burgundians, Franks, and Visigoths conquered Gaul.
        Vandals and Visigoths pushed into Spain, with the Vandals making it into North Africa, and the Alamanni established a strong presence in the middle Rhine and Alps.
        In Denmark, the Jutes merged with the Danes, and in Sweden , the Geats and Gutes merged with the Swedes.
        In England, the Angles merged with the Saxons and other groups ( the Jutes), and absorbed some natives, to form the Anglo-Saxons (English).
        Theodosius died.
        Upon the death of Theodosius , Alaric I became the King of the Visigoths.
        The Visigoths devasted Greece.
        The Western Stilicho confronted Alaric.
        They made a treaty and Stilicho gave Alaric I a military command and settled his people in the northwest of Greece.
        The Visigoth invaded Italy.
        King Alaric I moved into Italy and ravaged the north.
        Stilicho confronted Alaric I at the Pollentia battle and won the resulting battle.
        The Romans defeated the Visigoths again at Verona.
        Alaric I left Italy. His invasions had caused the imperial tesidence to be transferred from Milan to Ravenna.
        The Western Roman Emperor Flavius Augustus Honorius fortified himself in Ravenna.
        Tha Vandals and the Suevi crossed the Rhine.
        German tribes crossed the river and overran the frontier. It was accompanied by a clan of Alans.
        They were followed by the Franks, Burgundians, and Alamanni. These tribes ravaged Gaul.
        The Roman army in Britain proclaimed Constantine as Emperor. He crossed the Channel with the army and set himself up in Gaul.
        The Romans never returned to Britain.
        Constantine III
        The Roman army in Britain elected Constantine II as emperor in opposition to Honorius then crossed to Gaul.
        The First Visigoth Siege of Rome.
        Having failed to negotiate a settlement with Emperor Honorius, Alaric I besieged Rome a second time.
        He set up a rival emperor, the Greek Priscus Attalus. He managed to lose Africa to Honorius.
        The Suevi, the Vandals , and the Alans invaded Iberia.
        The ´barbarians' crossed the Pyrenees into Spain.
        Constantine III´s troops did not resist the crossing.
        The newcomers engaged in a short period of looting and destruction before coming to an agreement with the Roman government.
        The damage had been done and the Peninsular underwent a period of famine,starvation , and cannibalism.
        When the usurper Constantine III ordered his general Gerontius to resign his command in Hispania, Gerontius mutinied and installed Maximus Tiranus as Emperor.
        Maximus controlled what was left of Roman Iberia centered around Tarragona and Barcelona on the coast.
        He fought against the emperors, Constantine II and Honorius. Gerontius´s forced defeated Constantine´s forces.
        Maximus granted the Suevi official recognition for their settlement in Galicia. The Suevi kingdom was the first sub- Roman kingdom formed in the territory of the Roman Empire.
        The Suevi, under King Hermerico had two sub-tribes: the Quadi and Marcomanni, and were accompanied by a samll group of Buri.
        They settled in Roman Galicia in the northwest.
        The Visigoths sacked Rome.
        King Alaric I attacked Rome.They burst in the Porta Salaria on the Northeast of the city.
        Alaric I subsequently headed south but died of fever in Calabria.
        Ataulph became the King of the Visigoths.
        Gerontius, the general of the usurper Maximus,besieged Constantine III, in Arles.
        The Roman Emperor gave Iberia to Barbarians.
        Honorius granted Lusitania to the Alans, Galicia to the Suevi and Hasdingi Vandals, and Baetica to the Silingi Vandals.
        This was political expediency.
        Constantius III defeated the armies of both usurpers.
        Constantius defeated and killed Maxumus´s general, Gerontius, at the Battle of Arles.
        Maximus forfeited his Imperial claimed and entered a monastery.
        The Visigoths invaded Iberia.
        King Ataulph of the Visigoths was murdered in Barcelona.
        He was making arrangements for the Visigothic intervention in the Peninsular.
        Wallia became King and finalized the arragments.
        At the request of Honorius, under King Wallia, invaded the Iberia Peninsular from Aquitaine.
        They fought several campaigns with the aim of destroying the Alans, Suevi, Vandals , and Maximus.
        Suevi expansion.
        The Visigoths' invasion allowed the Suevi a brief expansion: expanded as far as Merida or Seville.
        The Visigoths killed Alan King.
        Alan King Attaces was killed in battle.
        They asked the Hasdingi Vandal king to Gunderic to accept the Alan crown.
        The Suevi and Romand defeated Hasdingi Vandals
        A new treaty with the empire resulted the Visigoths withdrawing from the peninsular into Aquitaine.
        Theoderic I became King of the Visigoths.
        The Vandals took over much of the peninsular.
        The Suevi, with the Roman assistance, beat off an attack by the Hasdingi Vandals.
        The Vandals defeated the Romans.
        The Magister Militum Castinus led an imperial army from Italy to Spain.
        He had a detachment of the Visigoths with him but they were defeated by the Vandals in Baetica.
        Castinus captured Maximus who was taken back to Italy and executed.
        Honorius , Johannes and Valentinian III.
        When the emperor Honorius died, he was succeeded by Johannes.
        He was overthrown in 425 by an eastern Roman expedition from Constantinople.
        The East Romans installed Valentinian III as emperor.
        The Roman Civil War.
        A civil war broke out between Boniface, Count Africa, and Felix, Master of the Soldiers in Italy Boniface defeated the first expedition sent by Felix to Africa.
        The Vandals and the Alans moved to North Africa.
        Under King Gaiseric, they crossed the straits of North Africa.
        The Buri vanished into the Suevi Kingdom.
        The Battle of Merida.
        A Vandal detachment recrossed from Africa and defeated the Suevi in the Battle of Merida.
        However, the Vandal abandoned the peninsular to the Suevi.
        Aetius murdered Felix and seized power in Italy.
        Boniface's army defeated Aetius in battle but died from the wounds he received.
        Aetius took control of what remained of the Western Roman Empire and without a Roman army presented the Vandals were free to expand in Africa.
        Peace between the Suevi and the Galaicos.
        Hermeric, the first King of Galicia, ratified the peace with the Galaicos people and tired of fighting abdicated in favor of his son Rechila.
        The Vandals and the Alans capture Carthage.
        They completed their conquest of Roman Africa by capturing Carthage.
        The Suevi established themselves in Merida and the west and south of Spain.
        The Romans recognized Vandal control of Africa.
        Suevi became Catholic.
        Suevi King Rechila died and left his expanding state to his son Rechiarius who had converted to Roman Catholicism circa 447.
        The Battle of Chalons.
        The Hunnic leader Attila led a large army of Huns and subjected Germans to France.
        Aetius managed to scrape together an army of Romans, Franks, Visigoths, Alans,Betrons, and Burgundians.
        Attila invaded Italy.
        Attila turned south and invaded Italy.
        Famine, and the operation of an East Roman Army forced him out.
        Theodoric II became King of Visigoths.
        Pope Leo I
        The Bishop of Rome proclaimed himself Pope.
        He assumed control over all of Western Christianity.
        The Battle of Orbigo.
        King Theodoric led a large army of Roman foederati, his own Visigoths, and Burgundians directed by Kings Gundioc and Chilperic across the Pyrenees into Hispania to face the King of Suevi.
        Theodoric defeated the Suevi at the Battle of Orbigo.
        It took control the Ebro valley.
        It took control the Northwest in Galicia.
        It took control the Northern Lusitania.
        The division of Suevi
        After the death of Suevi King Maldras, a new division appeared between Frumario and Remismundo..
        The Union
        Remismundo united the Suevi and became king.
        The Visigoths defeated Suevi.
        King Euric drove the Suevi from southern Galicia and Lusitania.
        Independent Visigothic Kingdom
        King Euric who had unified the various quarreling factions of the Visigoths, forced the Roman government to grant the Visigothic kingdom full Independence.
        THE FALL OF ROME
        The army in Italy deposed the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, Romulus Augustus.
        Their general Odoacer, a chieftain of the Germanic Huruli, proclaimed himself King of Italy.
        Middle Ages
        The period in European history from the collapse of Roman civilization to the period of the Renaissance.
        Slavic people: Serbs, Bulgarians, and Russians were Christianized.
        Many Barbarian groups from northern Europe descended towards the south and settled in lands.
        They formed different kingdoms.
        They adopted Roman law and Christianity as the offical religion.
        Historical facts:
        The Umayyad Caliphate Empire defeated the Visigoths.
        In 620, the figure of the prophet Muhammad emerged.
        He created a monotheistic religion : Islam
        Upon his deathin 632, his successors began a territorial expansion.
        From the Iberian Peninsula To India.
        The presence of the Muslims controlled the maritime traffic of the Mediterranean coasts.
        In the Battle of Poitiers 732 .
        Frankish troops led by Charles Martel were defeated in Tours (near Politiers).
        With the victory, they managed to stop the unstoppable advance of the soldiers of the Umayyad Caliphate.
        The grandson of Charles Martel, Charlemagne, expanded the different Frankish kingdoms until transformed them into an imperie: the Carlingian Empire.
        He conquered Italy and was crowned ´Imperator August´by Pope Leo III.
        Upon his death, the empire was divided among his grandsons.
        Germany and France fought over Italy.
        Germany won.
        Obtaining in favor of the Pope and the imperial crown.
        The result was the Holy Roman Empire.
        The Carolingian empire lasted a century.
        In 887 A.D, when Charlemagne´s last heir, Charles III The Fat, was deposed by the Imperial Diet.
        After the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire and the failure of Charlemagne´s centralizing political project, the weakness of the kings became evident.
        The world´s Major Religious.
        Hinduism
        It was originated in the Indus River about 4,500 years .
        Hindus believed in a divine power that could manifest as different entities.
        There were three main incarnations :
        Brahma
        Vishnu
        Shiva
        Hindus also believed in a set of principles called Dharma, which referred to one´s duty in the world that corresponded with the right actions.
        They believed in karma, or the notion that the spiritual ramifications of one´s actions were balanced in this life or a future life (reincarnation).
        The concept of Messiah:
        In the Hindu religion, the savior of the end of time was called Avatar, which meant manifestation, Avatar came from the world Avatarai, which meant the manifestation of superior power.
        Multiple sacred texts, collectively called the Vedas obtained hymns and rituals from ancient India and were mostly written in Sanskrit.
        Buddhism
        It was founded by Siddhartha Gautama around 500 B.C.E. Siddhartha was said to have given up a comfortable, upper-class life to follow one of poverty and spiritual devotion.
        At the age of thirty-five, he famously meditated under a sacred fig tree and vowed not to rise before he achieved engulfment (Bodhi).
        After this experience, he became known as Buddha, or ´enlightened one'.
        Followers were drawn to Buddha´s teachings and the practice of meditation, and he later established a monastic order.
        The concept of Messiah:
        Maitreya would be a success of the historic Sajyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. The prophecy of the arrival of Maitreya was found in the canonical literature of all Buddhism sects were accepted by most Buddhists as a statement about an event that would take place in the distant future.
        Buddha´s teachings encouraged Bugddhastits to lead a moral life by accepting the four Noble Truths:
        Life was suffering.
        Suffering arose from attachment to desires.
        Suffering ceased when attachment to desires ceased.
        Freedom from suffering was possible by following the ´middle way´.
        The concept of the ´middle way ´ was central to Buddhist thinking, which encouraged people to live in the present and to practice acceptance of others.
        It also tended to emphasize the role of godhead, instead stressing the importance of personal responsibility.
        Judaism
        After the Exodus from Egypt in the 13th century B.C.E, Jews, a nomadic society became monotheistic, worshipping only one God.
        covenantconvenant, or promise of a special relationship with Yahweh (God), was an important element of Judaism, and their sacred text was the Torah, which Christians also followed the first five books of the Bible.
        The concept of Messiah:
        The concept of Messiah existed in the Jewish traditions and scriptures. In Jewish messianic tradition and eschatology, the term came to refer to a future Jewish King from the Davidic line, who would be ´anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age, an age of peace and tranquility.
        Orthodox Jews strictly believed in a Messiah, life after death, and restoration of the promised land.
        Talmud refered to a collocation of sacred Jiweish oral interpretations of the Torah.
        Jews emphasized moral behavior and action in this world as opposed to beliefs or personal salvation in the next world.
        Islam
        It was a monotheistic religion and it followed the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, who was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, in 570 C.E.
        Muhammad was seen only as a prophet, not as a divine being, and he was believed to be the message of Allah (God), who was divine.
        The concept of Messiah:
        In Islam, al-Mandhi, the Messiah was believed to hold the task of establishing the truth and fighting against oppression and injustice as well as killing the false messiah al-Dajjal, who would emerge shortly before him in human form at the end of the times.
        After he destroyed al -Dajjal, his final task would be to become a just king and to re-establish justice, peace, and monotheism in the world.
        Islam meant ´peace ´ and ´submission´. The sacred text for Muslims was the Qur´an (Koran).
        As with Christianity´s Old Testament, many of the Qurán stories were shared with the Jewish faith.
        Divisions exited within Slam, but all Muslims were guided by five beliefs or practices:
        1) Allah was the only God, and Muhammad was his prophet.
        2) Daily prayer.
        3) Helping those in poverty.
        4) Fasting as a spiritual practice.
        5) Pilgrimage to the holy center of Mecca.
        Christianity.
        It began in Palestine, with Jesus of Nazareth, a leader who taught his followers about charity, or treating others, as you would like to be treated yourself.
        Christians and Muslims shared many of the same historical religious stories, but their beliefs differed.
        In their shared sacred stories, it was suggested that the Son of God, a Messiah, would return to save God´s followers.
        Different Christian groups had variations among their sacred texts.
        Mormons, an established Christian sect, also used the Book of Mormons, which they believed details other parts of Christian doctrine and Jesus´life that werent included in the Bible.
        The Holy Spirit was a term Christians often used to describe religious experiences, or how they felt the presence of a sacred in their lives.
        One of the Christian doctrines was the Ten Commandants, which decry acts considered sinful, including thefts, murder, and adultery.
        The concept of Messiah
        In Christianity, the Messiah was the Christ, the Anointed One. He would have a Second Coming and would appear again at the end of the world.
        The Invasion of Britain.
        Vikings , Saracens, and Hungarians increased general insecurity, forcing the kings to enrust the nobles with the defense of their territories.
        The figure of the knight was born.
        They stayed on the German, British, and French coats.
        They reached the Iberian Peninsula, the Sicilies, the coats of the Byzantine Empire, the Valtic Empire, and the Russian Coats.
        The Vikings failed to conquer England.
        The Battle of Hastings
        It was fought for the crown of England, between Duke William of Normandy, and Harold Godwineson.
        King Harold II was defeated.
        Feudalism
        It was a political system. Its birthplace was the region between the Rhine and Loire rivers ( Normandy).
        A social hierarchy was established based on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units (fiefs).
        The vassal swore fidelity to his superior lord and agreed to comply with certain virtues, mainly military aid and political advice.
        They received a benefit in return, usually control and jurisdiction over the land and the population of his fiefs.
        Vassalage was confirmed through ceremonies:
        Homage
        The Feudal Pyramid.
        The urban life.
        A characteristic fief consisted of a village surrounded by agricultural land protected by a castle run by a lord. This castle was called ' burg' .
        The great medieval cities emerged.
        The inhabitants were called ´burgeois'
        New neighborhoods of merchants were created.
        The Gothic style and the evolution of the Romanesque.
        Prodigious cathedrals appeared: Chartres, Paris, Cologne, Leon or Burgos.
        The birth of universities: Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, Salamanca and Paris.
        The Seven Liberal Arts:
        The Trivium (grammar, logic and rethoric).
        The Quadrivium (arithmetic, astronomy, music and geometry).
        It was time of great knights and epic songs:
        The Song of My Cid
        The Song of Roland.
        Beowulf
        The Arthurian story of Tristan and Isolde.
        Themes: love, political, moral and religious aspects.
        The dominant philosophy was Aristotle´s texts.
        Medieval philosophy, scholasticism, fundamentally aimed to systematize the Christian conception of the world in Aristotle terms.
        The most famous representative was Saint Thomas Aquinas.
        Form of Goverment
        The Roman Republic emerged out of ´the ashes of the monarchy´.
        The real authority was divided among three basic elements: consuls, a Senate, and popular assemblies.
        The Consuls
        The new government chose two consuls who were not elected by the populace but appointed by the popular assembly.
        As both political and military heads of state, consuls possessed supreme executive power and control of the army.
        The famous figure who served as consuls includes Julius Ceaser and Pompey the Great.
        The Senate
        The Roman Senate was originally opened to the Elite and had little if any legislative authority, for that power, was wrested into the hands of the popular assemblies.
        Senators discused domestic and foreign policy, supervised relations with foreign powers, directed the religious life in Rome, and controlled state finances.
        Senators influnced the opinions of both magistrates and common people, and this allowed them to gain power. Among these senators were Marcus Junius Brutus and Marcus Tullius Cicero.
        The Assamblies
        The most democratic branch of the government of the Roman Republic was the Assemblies.
        There were four large bodies made some voting power available to many Roman citizens:
        The Comitia Centuriata: was composed of all members of the members of the army and it elected consuls annually.
        The Comitia tributa: which contained all citizens, approved or rejected laws.
        The Comita Curiata: was composed of 30 local groups and it was elected by the Centuriata.It served mostly a simbolic purpose for Rome´s foundanding families.
        The Concilum Plebis: represented the common people.
        Investidure
        The Crusades
        There were a series of nine military campaigns with the objective of reestablishing Christian control over the Holy Land, the geographical territory. The most important were:
        The first military campaign managed to conquer Jerusalem and forme the kingdom of Jerusalem as well as the seizure of other territories.
        The second campaign failed in its attempt to take Damascus.
        The Muslim troops led by Saladin retook Jerusalem, which provoked the third crusade that could not recover the city, but they managed to sign a peace treaty with Saladin.
        Genghis Khan: the creation of an empire
        He was a Mongol warrior and conqueror who unified the nomadic tribes of this ethnic group in northern Asia.
        Defeating Hungarians, Germans, Polish, and Persians
        After his death, the problem was to elect a new leader.
        Due to problems between different Mongol tribes, the empire ended up dissolving.
        Marco Polo
        The Black Death
        The Hundred Year´War
        Renaissance and Humanism XV-XVI centuries.
        A series of literary and cultural movements in the 14th and 16th centuries in Italy expanded into Germany, England, and other parts of Europe.
        Their thinking was influenced by the concept of Humanism, which emphasizes the worth of individuality.
        Humanists believed it was possible to improve human society through classical education.
        Pre-1400: The Black Death and the Rise of Florence.
        Francesco Petrarch was crowned Poet Laureate in 1341. Many historians cited this date as the beginning of the Renaissance.
        The Black Death
        It was a plague pandemic that devastated medieval Europe from 1347 to 1352.
        It killed an estimated 25-30 million people. The disease originated in central Asia and was taken to the Crimea By Mongol warriors and traders.
        The Plague entered Europe via Italy, perhaps carried by rats or human parasites via Genoese trading ships sailing from the Black Sea.
        Bubonic Plague
        Pneumonic Plague
        Septicemis Plague
        Giovanni De Medici moved to Florence.
        In 1397, Giovanni de Medici, the papal banker. headquartered his business in Florence and became involved in Florentine public life and patronage of the arts.
        He laid the groundwork for the rise of his son Cosimo de Medici to power.
        1400 to 1450: The Rise of Rome and the Medici Family.
        Brunelleschi was an architect and engineer who was one of the pioneers of early Renaissance architecture.
        He created the Linear Perspective which revolutionized Art.
        The Papacy returned to Rome.
        The Papacy, having been located in Avignon since 1305, returned to Rome, bringing with it the prestige and wealth necessary to rebuild the city.
        Cosimo de Medici
        He became the head of the bank after his father died, using his economic power to consolidate political power in 1429.
        The printing Press
        In 1439, Johann Gutenberg was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe.
        It quickened the spread of knowdglede, discoveries, and literacy in Renaissance Europe.
        Pope Nicholas V ascended to the throne.
        He took the first steps toward turning Rome into a Renaissance city, undertaking many construction projects and strongly encouraging art in 1447.
        Francesco Sforza seized control of Milan.
        After a short experiment with republican government, Milan returned to monarchy when Francesco Sforza took control of the city in 1450.
        His most prominent successor was Ludovico Sforza.
        1451 to 1475: Leonardo da Vinci and the Gutenberg Bible.
        Constantinople fell to the center of the Byzantine Empire.
        In 1453, Constantinople fell to the Italian Turks, provoking an exodus of Greek people and works of art and literature into the Italian city-states.
        The Gutenberg Bible
        In 1454, Johann Gutenberg printed the Gutenberg Bible, making literature more accessible to all Europeans.
        Cosimo de Medici died in 1464.
        Cosimo was considered the father of the nation by people. The Medici family ruled throughtout the Renainacce , their actions made Florence one of the wealthiest cities in the world.
        Lorenzo de Medici ascended to power.
        He raised Florence to the greatest heights of the Renaissance.
        Sixtus IV became Pope in 1471.
        Undertaking many successful projects in Rome, but disgraced the Church through his corruption and practice of nepotism.
        1476 to 1500: The Age of Exploration.
        The Spanish Inquisition began .
        In 1478, one of the most deadly inquisitions in history began in Europe. It was designed to root out all non-Catholics.
        The Birth of Venus.
        In 1486, Sandro Botticelli painted the Birth of Venus. It was painted by the Platonic Academy, one of the most famous pieces of art during the Renaissance.
        The Discovery of the Americas.
        Colombus discovered the Americas in1492.
        After sailing across the Atlantic Ocean, land was sighted by a sailor called Rodrigo Bermejo. He landed on a small island in the Bahamas, which he named San Salvador.
        He claimed the island for the King and Queen of Spain.
        Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexander VI in 1492.
        He was widely known as a corrupt and manipulative pope, scheming for his family´s benefit.
        Papacy reached its greatest moral decline of the Renainsace during his pontificate.
        The Medici family was ousted from Florence by Girolamo Savonarola.
        Savonarola, preaching a return to simple faith, led a popular uporising against the Medici, who were forced to flee.
        Savonarola´s rule was short-lived, and he was burned as a heretic in 1495.
        Ludovico Sforza permited the French Invasion of Italy.
        In an attempt to weaken his enemy, King Naples, Ludovico invited the French to invade Italy, granting them free passage through Milan in 1494.
        Though this invasion failed, the Fench returned in 1499, turning on Ludovico and taking Milan.
        The Lats Supper painting
        In 1495, Da Vinci painted the Last Supper .
        1501 to 1550: Politics and the Reformation
        Pope Julius II assumed the Papal Throne.
        In 1503, the ascension of Pope Julius II began the Roman Golden Age, during which the city and Papacy both prospered.
        Julius II reversed the trend of moral degradation in the Papacy and took great steps in the rebuilding of Rome.
        Henry VIII came to power in England in 1509.
        He came to the throne when his father Henry VII died in 1509.
        He was a powerful man and charismatic figure; perhaps the best known for his tumultuous love life and the establishment of the Church of England.
        He was also credited with establishing the Royal Navy, encouraging shipbuilding, and creating of anchorages and dockyards.
        Because divorce wasn't allowed within the Roman Catholic Church, Henry wasn´t allowed to divorce Catherine of Aragon and remarry Anne Boleyn.
        To get, around this, Henry broke with the Papacy in Rome, and established the Church of England instead.Fearing attacks from France and Spain after his separation from Rome, Henry invested heavily in the Roman Navy.
        Henry had a daughter Mary with Catherine of Aragon. Elizabeth with Anne Boleyn, and a son Edward with Jane Seymour.
        All three children would rule England after Henry´s death, with Elizabeth, the last monarch of tudor dynasty.
        The School of Athens painting.
        Raphael painted The School of Athens in 1510. It was considered to be Raphael´s masterpiece because it captured the classical spirit of the Renaissance.
        The Sistine Chapel.
        In 1512, Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.
        Forced into painting by the Pope, Michelangelo painted 9 scenes from the Old Testament onto the ceilling and walls of the Sistine Chapel.
        Pope Leo X succeeded Julius II in 1513
        Pope Leo X, the son of Lorenzo de Medici, continued the trend of the Golden Age, proving himself a gifted administrator and intelligent patron of the arts.
        Rome prospered.
        Niccolo Machiavelli published The Prince.
        Often considered the most influential political book of all time, The Prince (1513) outlined the argument that is better for a ruler to be feared than loved.
        Charles took power in Spain.
        In 1516, he took power in Spain , and in 1530 , he became Holy Roman Emperor, the last emperor to be so crowned.
        The Reformation movement began in Europe.
        Martin Luther was a german theologian and religious former who initiated the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
        He posted his 95 Theses on the door of a church in Wittenburg, Germany, igniting a movement that provoked an enourmous split in the Roman Catholic Church.
        Leonardo Da Vinci died .
        Leonardo, the most remarkable individual of the Renaissance, died in France (1519), having established himself as a painter, sculptor, engineer, and scientist.
        Pope Clement VII ascended to the throne .
        In 1523, Pope Clement VII came to power in difficult times, following Pope Leo X. He soon proved himself an incompetent politician, and his poor decisions led to the sack of Rome.
        The European Wars of religion.
        The religious wars were caused by the Protestant Reformation in western and northern Europe. The wars were fought between Catholics and Protestants in 1524.
        The Battle of Pavia in 1525.
        The Battle of Pavia took place between France and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles Vsacked Rome, preventing Henry VIII´s annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
        The Sack of Rome.
        After Pope Clement VII refused to grant the imperial army a ransom, it attacked the city of Rome, taking the city.
        The Sack of Rome symbolized the downfall of Renaissance Italy, much of which was subjugated to Imperial-Spanish rule by the settlement of Bologna in 1530.
        The Scientific Revolution/Copernicus.
        The Scientific Revolution was an era in which new ideas like physics, chemistry, medicine , and biology formed and paved the way for modern science in 1543.
        1550 to beyond: The Peace of Augsburg.
        The Peace of Augsburg (1555).
        It was the tensions arising from the Reformation, by allowing the legal co-existence of Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.
        Charles V abdicated the Spanish throne in 1556, and Phillip II took over.
        England´s Golden Age began when Elizabeth I was crowned queen in 1558.
        The Battle of Lepanto.
        Part of the Ottoman-Habsburg Wars was fought in 571, and the St. Bartholomew´s Day Massacre of Protestants took place in France in 1572.
        Wars of the Roses (1455-1485).
        It was a series of dynastic civil wars between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne. Both claimed the throne although decondensed from England III.
        The First Battle of St. Albans (1455)
        Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou resisted Richard of York´s protectorship.
        The Stalemates were victorious.
        The results:
        Henry VI was captured, and Richard of York was renamed Protector, but Queen Margaret seized government control, excluding the Yorkists.
        The Battlle of Ludford Bridge (1459).
        The Yorkist Earl of Warwick engaged in piracy to pay his troops, which infuriated the crown. Instead of answering the charges against him, his men attacked the royal household.
        The Lancasters were victorious.
        The results:
        Queen Margaret seized lands and property from the Yorkists.
        The Battle of Northampton (1460).
        Yorkists seized the port and town of Sandwich.
        The Yorks were victorious.
        The results:
        The Yorkists captured Henry VI. Many Lancastrian forces joined the Yorkists, and QWuenn Margaret fled. Richard of York was again declared Protector.
        The Battle of Wakefield (1460).
        The Lancasters fought against Ricagrad of York´s position as Protector and the Parliament´s Act of ACcord, which made Richard´s, not Henry´s son after Henry VI died.
        The Lancasters were victoriuous.
        The results:
        Richard of York was killed in battle.
        The Battle of Townton (1461).
        The revenge for Richard of York´s death.
        The Yorks were victorious.
        The results:
        Henry VI was deposed as king and replaced by Richard of Tork´s son, Edward Iv ( 1442-1483). Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland.
        The Yorkists searched for the king in Scotland in 1464.
        The Yorks were victorious.
        The results:
        Henry was captured by the Yorkists and imprisoned in the Tower of London.
        The coup d´etat against Edward IV in 1470.
        The Lancasters were victorious.
        The results:
        Edward IV´s advisor, the Earl of Warwick, changed sides and forced him off the throne, restoring Henry VI.took power.
        The Battle of Tewkesbury (1471).
        The Yorkists fought back after Edward IV´s overthrow.
        The Yorks were victorious.
        The results:
        The Yorkists captured and defeated Margaret of Anjou. Shortly afterward, Henry VI died in the Tower of London. Edward IV again became king until he died in 1483.
        In 1483, Edward IV died.
        The Yorks were victorious.
        The results:
        Edward´s brother Richard seized control of the government, declaring Edward´s sons illegitimate. Richard became King Richard III (1457-1485).
        The Battle of Bosworth Field (1485).
        Richard III was unpopular because he stole power from his nephews and probably killed them.
        Tudor was victorious.
        The results:
        Henry Tudor (1457-1509) , the last Lancastrian, defeated the Yorkists. Richard III died in battle. malikng Henry Kig VII, the first king of the Tudor dynasty.
        The new King Henry VII married Edward IV´s daughter, Elizabeth of York (1466-1503). This alliance merged the York and Lancaster houses under a shared banner, the Tudor Rose. Although there would still be power struggles to maintain the Tudor dynasty´s power during the new king´s reign, the War of Roses was over.
        The Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I in 1559.
        Queen Elizabeth I was the 5th and last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. Her father was King Henry VIII, and she was remembered for establishing the English Protestant church and defeating the Spanish Armada.
        William Shaskepeare .
        In 1603, William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
        He was the most influential writer in all of English literature. He was born in 1564 in England and attended grammar school, but his formal education proceeded no further.
        Around 1590, he left his family behind and travelled to London to work as an actor and playwright. Public and critical sucess quickly followed, and Shaskeapere eventually became the most popular playwright in Engand and part -owner of the Globe Theater.
        The Saint Bartholomew´s Massacre.
        In 1572,the Mobs of French Catholics killed Protestants during the French Religious Wars. It was presumed that the Massacre started because King Charles the IX´Sister Margaret married the Protestant King Henry the Iv (the future King of France).
        The Edict of Nantes.
        Issued by the King Henry IV of France, it gave non-Vatholics in France civil rights.
        This marked the end of the religious wars in France during the second half of the 16th century.
        ( 1337-1453) It was an intermittent conflict between England and France lasting 116 years.
        It began because King Edward III and Philip VI escalated a dispute over feudal rights in Gascony to a battle for the French Crown.
        The French won and gained control of all of France except Calais.
        Joan of Arc was a medieval peasant who turned the tide of the war in favor of French victory.
        The Hundred Year´s War was divided into three phases:
        The Lancastrian War (1415-1453)
        The Caroline War (1369-1389)
        The Edwardian War (1337-1360)
        It was a plague pandemic that devastated medieval Europe from 1347 to 1352.
        It killed an estimated 25-30 million people.
        The disease originated in central Asia and was taken to the Crimea by Mongol warriors and traders.
        The Romans recognized the Vandal possession of Africa in a treaty.

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