SAT Literature

SAT Literature

1. POETRY

   • Couplets: two consecutive rhyming lines
   • Heroic couplets: two consecutive lines which follow iambic pentameter
   • Sonnet: poem made of 14 lines of iambic pentameter
     • Petrarchan sonnet: has 2 stanzas, an octet of 8 lines and a sestet of 6 lines. The octet's rhyme scheme is ABBA ABBA
     • Shakespearean sonnet: has three quatrains (4 line stanzas) and a couplet (2 line stanza)
   • Free verse: poetry with no regular rhyme scheme or specific meter
   • Blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter. This is used mainly by Renaissance playwrights, such as Shakespeare, and survives all the way up to the 1900s (20th century)
   • Sprung rhythm: imitates the flow and rhythm of natural speech
   • Ballad: follows a rhyme scheme of ABCBDEFE, and the stanzas are 4 lines long
   • Concrete poetry: sometimes called emblematic poetry, this is when the words are formed into an image which has something to do with the theme
   • Narrative poetry: tells a story
   • Imagistic poetry: doesn't expand an idea or tell a story, but rather it just creates imagery of something. This is common in haikus
   • Discursive poetry: expands an idea, such as Wilfred Owen's poetry, which explores his ideas and thoughts on World War 1
   • Lyrical poetry: has a songlike quality because of its meter and rhyme, and expresses the thoughts/emotions of the speaker. Sonnets can be considered lyric poetry
   • Epithalamium: a poem written specifically for the bride on the way to her marital chamber
   • Trochee: a metrical foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one; it is the reverse of an iamb
   • iamb: an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
   • Iambic tetrameter: a line consisting of four iambic feet
   • Iambic pentameter: a line consisting of 5 iambic feet
   • Anapest: a metric foot of 2 unstressed syllables followed by 1 stressed syllable
   • Anapestic tetrameter: four anapestic metrical feet per line.
   • Anapestic pentameter: 5 anapestic feet per line
   • Anapestic hexameter: 6 anapestic feet per line

2. NONFICTION

   • Narrative writing: appears frequently in non-fiction work like history textbooks and biographies. This type of writing tells a story, and may include a plot, characterization, and dialogue, but it's all based on facts.
   • Descriptive writing: this type of writing is usually not enough to sustain a whole essay or story, so this is usually joined with other types of writing. They can describe scenes, places, people, or basically anything
   • Expository writing: only gives information and exposes something about a certain topic, but doesn't really try to persuade the reader
   • Persuasive writing: here, the writer wants to change the reader's mind or convince the audience to take action. To fulfil this purpose, the writer will use 3 appeals: pathos, logos and ethos.
     • Logos: the writer wants to speak to the audience logically. By using common sense and logic, evidence, and rational reasoning, the speaker tries to convince the audience with facts
     • Pathos: is the emotional appeal. Using stories that tug at our sympathies or language which is emotionally moving, the writer stirs our feelings to make us side with them.
     • Ethos: appeals to morals and ethical values, and tries to convince the audience that what the speaker is presenting is morally correct and for a good cause

3. FICTION

   • First person minor character: a character who is not the main focus is telling the story, like a biography.
   • Third person observer: the narrator is not a character in the story, but more of a fly on the wall. The narrator doesn't know the thoughts and feelings of the characters but only sees what is happening
   • Third person limited omniscient: similar to the third person observer; this person isn't a character, but instead an observer, and this narrative viewpoint shows us the thoughts of only one character
   • Third person omniscient: the narrator is privy to the thoughts and feelings of all characters
   • First person major character: here, the story is told through the viewpoint of the protagonist
   • Tone: think of the way in which the narrator presents the written work. Is it particularly formal or informal? Amused or disdainful? Humble or pretentious? etc.

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