Multiple Intelligences

Multiple Intelligences

1. Interpretatations of g

   • Thurstone
     • Underlying structures/patterns between intelligences Disagreed with Spearman's interpretation of 'g'
     • Intelligence is the results of 7 factors
       • Multifactor approach
       • Associative memory (rote memory)
       • Number
       • Perceptual speed
       • Reasoning
       • Space
       • Verbal comprehension
       • Word fluency
   • Cattell
     • Crystallised
       • Learned and stored factual knowledge that accumulates over time
       • Verbal, vocabulary and comprehension tasks. Weschler tasks 
       • The type of knowledge successful historians use in careers
     • Fluid
       • Adaptive knowledge - being able to reason in the current situation - this peaks in adulthood
       • Block design tasks, Raven's matrices.
       • Type of intelligence used by young adult mathematicians making a career
   • Vernon
     • Link g to abilities
       • Levels of intelligences in between 'g' and specific abilities
       • Major
         • v:ed - verbal educational k:m - spatial mechanical
       • MInor
       • Specific

2. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

   • Intelligence is the ability to achieve goals in life by capitalising on one's strengths
   • Componential: mental mechanisms
     • Knowledge acquisition - getting and using relevant skills for tasks
     • Metacomponents - recognising problems and developing strategies to deal with them
     • Performance - carrying out strategies
     • 'g' is these abilities in task restricted domains
   • Contextual: interaction with world
     • Adaptation - to a given environment
     • Shaping - when you cannot adapt, make environment adapt to you
     • Selection - of one (more advantageous) environment over another
     • Measured using 'tacit' knowledge - understanding processes of how to do things instead of facts.
   • Experiential: effect of experience
     • Novelty - ability to deal with novel situations using past experience
     • Automation - being able to do a task without thinking about it e.g. reading

3. Gardner: Multiple Intelligences

   • Intelligence is the sum of processes that can take place so e.g. linguistic intelligence can be shown by all sensory systems by articulating what you can see, hear, smell etc. 
   • 7(+2)
     • Conventional: Linguistic Logical-mathematical Spatial
     • New:  Musical Bodily-kinaesthetic Interpersonal  Intrapersonal
     • +2  Naturalist Existentialist
   • Intelligences are separate but can interact
     • Intelligences are separate dimensions in separate parts of brain

4. Emotional Intelligence

   • Form of social intelligence - perception, understanding and the use of emotions
   • Salovey & Meyer
     • 4 branches
       • Perceiving: own and others' emotions though language, tone, behaviour
       • Facilitating: aiding judgements about thinking e.g. to consider multiple viewpoints
       • Understanding: label and recognise relationships between emotions
       • Managing - open about emotions and can detach to see if emotions are informative
   • Goleman
     • EI is ability to control fight/flight response and basic emotional responses
     • 'Mixed model' models of EI mix with other personality/behaviour traits
     • Identify/regulate own and others emotions
       • Hierarchy of EI 1. Identify (self awareness) 2. Manage (self regulation) 3. Drive 4. Assess/Influence (social awareness)  5. Interpersonal relationships (social skills) 
       • Personal vs. social Awareness vs. regulation
   • Bar-On
     • Emotional expression is evolutionary - for adaptation and survival e.g. bonding, mating
     • Emotion Quotient (EQ) from EQ Inventory
     • 5 5 aspects
       • Intrapersonal - recognise/express emotions
       • Interpersonal - understand/relate to others
       • Adaptability - manage/control emotions
       • Stress management - adapt and solve problems
       • General - self motivation