Internal Migration

Internal Migration

1. Brazil - Rural to Urabn

   • Reasons
     • Rural - poor quality of housing, mechanization replacing workers causing unemployment, lack of services, low paid jobs. Urban - better jobs, entertainment services and more housing.
   • Consequences on home country
     • Reduces unemployment rate. Reduces overcrowding in schools and hospitals. Remittances maybe sent back to families. Reduced pressure on limited electricity and water supply. Increases dependency ratio, because young and old are often left behind. There maybe a shortage of workers, especially during the harvest season. Families may become separated as young adults migrate.
   • Consequences on host country
     • New workers that can fill low paid jobs like factory and construction work. The government has better control over the population if they leave in urban areas. They may join the formal economy and pay taxes. It is easier for the government to provide services like schools and hospitals. Migrants may become better educated and reduce birth rates and population growth.Increased congestion . Causes urban sprawl as informal housing is built Increased pollution, especially water and air because of traffic and waste. Pressure on schools and hospitals. Higher unemployment. Pressure on electricity and water supply. Possible crime and certainly growth in informal economy as people don't have jobs
   • Effects on Migrants
     • End up living in informal settlements and working for very low pay in dirty, dangerous jobs. However, people are still prepared to take the risk in the hope that their children will benefit.

2. China - Rural to Urban

   • Effect on Migrants
     • the system's rules keep rural residents from obtaining many of the same services as their urban counterparts, including health and unemployment insurance, pensions, free education for their children, and subsidized housing. Many cities do allow peasants to apply for temporary residence permits, but unequal access to social benefits remains stark. Migrant workers are not only paid less than urban workers, sometimes they aren't paid at all due to a lack of legal protection.
   • Consequences on the host country
     • Fast rising unemployment was caused by too many migrants moving to urban areas, which started strikes and protests. Some migrants are going back home some some cities try to convince them to stay with new jobs.
   • Consequences on the home country
     • Reverse-migration : migrants come back due to lack of work found. Rural areas are becoming poorer.
   • Reasons
     • Rural incomes are 40 per cent less than urban incomes is motivation for people to move to cities in search of better lives. Farmers can receive in one month in the city what they would receive for growing rice in Guizhou for one year.

3. India - Rural to Urban ( Calcutta)

   • Reasons
     • Large population growth in rural areas which causes division of land, mechanisation growth increases unemployment, higher wages in urban areas.
   • Consequences on the home country
     • The migrants send money back home for those left behind which are more likely to be women, children and the elderly population who will find it hard to get support,as more people migrant to the urban areas, they might have to expend it which will mean taking over rural areas land.
   • Consequences on the host country
     • 500 000 people sleeping on the streets, infected water from too much water being used at the same time which breaks the water pipes, increased air pollution from traffic and industries which leads to 60% of the population suffering of breathing problems
   • Effects on Migrants
     • Forced to live in squalid conditions, very few jobs proposed (not interesting jobs), feels obligated to stay to keep families hopes up and not feel ashamed