Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Learning
- Classical Conditioning: when a
stimulus acquires the capacity
to evoke a response that was
originally evoked by another
stimulus
- Terminology
and
Procedures
- Unconditional stimulus:
stimulus that evokes an
unconditional response
without previous
conditioning.
- UCR: Unlearned reaction to an
unconditioned stimulus that
occurs without previous
conditioning
- CS: neutral stimulus that has, through
conditioning response.
- CR: Learned reaction to a conditioned
stimulus that occurs because of previous
conditioning
- Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
- Conditioned fear and anxiety
- Evaluative conditioning of attitude
- Conditioning and physiological responses
- Conditioning and drug effects
- Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
- Acquisition: forming new responses
- Extinction: weakening conditioned responses
- Spontaneous Recovery: Resurrecting responses
- Stimulus Generalization
- Stimulus Discrimination: an organism that has learned a response to a specfic
stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the
original stimulus
- Higher-Order Conditioning: a conditioned
stimulus functions as if it were an
unconditioned stimulus
- Evolutionary and biological effects on Conditioning
- Conditioned Taste Aversion: The "Sauce Bearnaise syndrome"
- Preparedness and phobias
- Recent Directions in Pavlovian Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Thorndike's Law Effect
- Law of effect: response in the presence of a stimulus leads to
satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the
response is strengthened
- Basic processes in Operant Conditioning
- Acquisition and Shaping
- Extinction
- Stimulus Control: Generalization and Discrimination
- Schedules of Reinforcement: Occurances of a specific
response result in the presentation of a specific
response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
- Continuous Reinforcement, Intermittent, Fixed, and variable ratio
- Positive and Negative Reinforcement
- Positive: when a response is strengthened
because it is followed by the presentation
of a rewarding stimulus
- Negative: when a response is strengthened
because it is followed by the removal of an
aversive stimulus
- Evolutionary and Biological effects on Conditioning
- Evolutionary Perspectives on learning
- Response-Outcome relations and reinforcement
- Observational Learning
- Basic Processes
- To Learn a person needs: Attention,
Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation
- Observational Learning and the Brain: Mirror Neurons
- Mirror neurons are neurons
that are activated by
performing an action or by
seeing another monkey or
person perform the same
action