Determinism

Determinism

Clarence Darrow
1. "punishment is not admissible unless the offender has free will to select his course"
2. External forces caused the boys to commit that crime
Predestination
1. Augustine and Divine Election
  1. Whoever receives God's grace would ultimately do good and therefore be saved
2. John Calvin
  1. God decides independently of a persons qualities or actions.
    1. He chooses who will be saved and who will go their natural ways, ie sin
  2. "He does not create everyone in the same condition but in eternal life is for-ordained for some, and eternal damnation for other." (Institutes of Christian Religion)
3. Critiques
  1. Arminius- "predestination was contrary to God's gift of free will."
  2. Antinomianism, if predestination is true there is no obligation to follow the moral law
  3. Predestination completely goes against the teachings of Jesus and the bible in general.
Hard Determinism
1. "Everything in the universe, including all human actions has a cause which precedes it"(Palmer)
2. Ted Honderich
  1. Nothing happens without reason (Aristotle), and the reason for everything is out of humans control
    1. Everything a human does, is because of what has already happened
      1. Humans aren't morally responsible for their actions
3. Pierre-Simon de Laplace
  1. Every human action could be predicted if every single factor was known
  2. "Human beings are like complicated bits of machinary....the performances of which are theoretically predictable once these factors are known."
4. Benedict (Baruch) Spinoza
  1. "Those who believe that when they speak, or are silent, or do anything else from a free decree of the mind, dream with their eyes open." (Spinoza)
  2. Freedom is an illusion of the mind
5. John Locke
  1. A man is in a locked room but he wishes to remain in the room, not knowing it is locked
    1. We believe our actions are free, but they are not
Role of Science
1. John Watson
  1. We live in a deterministic universe, everything is based upon cause and effect
    1. Nature
      1. "The inheritance of a body and certain psychological features
    2. Nurture
      1. Manipulation of a man's surroundings could effect his behaviour
        Pavlov
        Conditioning dogs
        Zimbardo
        Stanford Prison Experiment
2. Karl Marx
  1. Working people were controlled by structural effect of society
3. Thomas Sowell
  1. "human self is infinitely plastic, allowing humanity to be changed."
    1. Defended by Clarence Darrow

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