Lecture one

Lecture one

1. Drug

   • A chemical
   • The active ingredient of a medicine
   • Any substance that can affect living processes Interact with a biological system and change it

2. Pharmacology

   • The study of the mechnism of drug action
     • their development
     • their uses
     • their adverse effects
     • their benefical effects

3. Ages of Pharmacology

   • 2000 BC - Egyptains
     • Opium, caster oil
     • Femur from a hanged man
   • 460-377BC - Hippocartes
     • Ethics of Medicine
     • Willow Bark
   • 57 AD - Dioscorides
     • Materia medica (log/book/reference) of 500 plants and remedies
   • 130-201AD Galen
     • Theory of disease
   • 980 - 1037 AD
     • Abu Ali Al Hussain Ibn Sina
       • Canon of Medicine
       • Pharmacy and Surgery
   • 1439-1541
     • Paracelsus
       • “The dose maketh the poison”
       • Critical of polypharmacy
   • 18th Century
     • increase use of chemical agents
       • Ether
       • Chloroform
       • Nitrous oxide
   • 19th Century
     • increase systematic scientific activity in many disciplines
       • Detailes and Reliable Botanical Records
       • Isolation of pure Compounds
         • Morphione Isolated in 1805
       • Developments in physiology
         • Finding the site of the drug
           • Action of NMJ blockers

4. Subdivisions of Pharmacology

   • Pharmacodynamics
     • The study of the effects of drugs
   • Pharmacokinetics
     • The study of the movements of drugs
   • Toxiocology
     • The study of poisons
   • Neuropharmacology
     • The study of the pharmacoogy of nervous system
   • Immunopharmacology
     • The study of Pharmacology of the immune system

5. Pharmacologists

   • assess drug efficacy
   • determine the possible adverse effects of the drug
   • determine the likely effects of overdose
   • determine the risks of tolerance and addition
   • determine the speed of onset of action
   • determine the duration of action and the route of the drug's metabolism and excertion