Infancy and childhood

Infancy and childhood

1. Terminology

   • Gravida
     • No. of times a woman has gotten pregnant
   • Parity
     • No. of times a woman has given birth

2. Term pregnancy

   • Preterm
     • <34 weeks
   • Full term
     • 38-40 weeks
   • Post term
     • >40 weeks

3. APGAR Score

   • Activity (muscle tone)
   • Pulse
   • Grimace
   • Appearance
   • Respiration
   • At 1 and 5 minutes
   • Each category scored from 0 to 2

4. Placental delivery

   • Third stage delivery
   • Delivered after baby (must be separated entirely or else, bleeding)
   • Must be checked for:
     • 1. General shape & size
     • 2. Cord insertion
       • 3. Tears or holes in the maternal membrane
         • 4. Minimal vaginal bleeding
   • Lochia
     • Placental discharge after giving birth
       • 4-6 weeks after delivery
     • 1. Lochia Rubra
       • 2. Lochia Serosa
         • 3. Lochia Alba

5. Postnatal Period

   • Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI)
     • Birth-18 months
     • Physical Examination
     • Developmental milestones
     • Administrering all vaccinations
     • Support/Advice with breastfeeding and baby care
   • Promoting health
   • Managing fatigue with diet and exercise
   • Discussing vaginal loss
   • Patterns of emotional changes
   • Methods and timing of resuming sexual intercourse
   • Growth Charts
     • Plots height and weight on an average range of values
     • Normal ranges from 10th to 90th percentile
   • Health problems after delivery
     • Baby Blues
     • Perineal pain
     • Dyspareunia
     • Backache
     • Constipation
     • Urinary Incontinence
     • Headache
   • Vaccinations
     • Live
     • Inactivated
     • Toxoid
     • Side Effects
       • Soreness
       • Redness
       • Low-grade fever
       • Headache
       • Abdominal pain/Cough/nausea
       • Diarrhea
       • Stuffy nose/ Sore throat/joint pain
     • Types
       • Oral
       • Parenteral
         • At site of pain
   • Developmental Milestones
     • Physical
       • Walking at 12-15 months
     • Social
       • Smiling at 2 months
     • Cognitive
       • Identifying names of objects and colors at 2 years
     • Motor Skills
       • Grasping with the entire hand at 4-6 months
     • Language
       • Beginning to read at 6 years
   • Psychosexual development
     • Oral Stage
       • Anal Stage
         • Phallic stage
           • Latency
             • Genital stage

6. Infantile Colic

   • Signs/Symptoms
     • Crying
     • Kicking
     • Vomiting
     • Face redness
   • Causes
     • Swallowing air when breast feeding
     • Baby reacting to something in the mother's diet
     • Allergies to food or bottle milk

7. Weaning

   • Moving the child from EBF to solid food too
   • Starts at 6 months
   • Right way:
     • Reduce feeding
     • Reducing feeding time

8. Gastroenteritis

   • Inflammation of stomach and small intestine
   • Due to bacterial toxins or viral infections
   • Signs/symptoms
     • Diarrhea
     • Vomiting
     • Stomach pain
     • Fever
     • Nausea
   • Treatment
     • ORS
       • replaces fluids lost due to diarrhea
       • 6 ts sugar + 1/2 ts salt + 1 L water

9. Dentition

   • Buds appear 5 weeks after birth
     • Primary teeth finish by 3 years
       • 20 primary teeth
   • Secondary teeth finish by 21 years
     • 32 secondary teeth
   • Symptoms
     • Irritability
     • Swollen gums
     • Urge to bite/chew
     • Difficulty eating/sleeping
     • Fever
     • Drooling

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