ESL Approaches and Methods

ESL Approaches and Methods

1. Grammar Based

   • teacher-centered emphasis on rules and structure of the target language
     • Sentence Structure
     • Writing Format
     • memorization
     • Not very meaningful
   • Stronger focus on reading, writing, and grammar. Less on language development.
   • Minimal Use of L1
   • Grammar Translated
     • Direct
       • Audolingual

2. Cognitive

   • This is extensive, explicit instruction in applying learning strategies to facilitate the student's cognitive development.
     • Should have differentiation
       • Model, Model, Model the expectations!
         • Anchor Charts
         • Graphic Organizers
         • Small Groups
     • Higher Thinking Skills
   • Strategy instruction with content-area instruction
     • The CALLA Method
       • Preparation
         • Content, language and learning strategy objectives
       • Presentation
         • teacher presents information and has visual or material support
       • Practice
         • students collaborate and use hands-on material to apply new knowledge
       • Evaluation
         • student reflect on their own learning
           • creates ownership
       • Expansion
         • students integrate the new concepts into their existing knowledge base

3. Communicative

   • Learning Language through and for communication
   • Comprehensible Input
   • Constructivism
     • structures of understanding
     • ZPD
   • Communication as the purpose of learning
   • student centered

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